Detection duration thresholds and evoked potential measures of stereosensitivity

Manning, Mark; Finlay, David; Dewis, Sally A. M.; Dunlop, Donald B.

doi:10.1007/bf00156575

Cited by 12 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Stereoanomaly may arise from the use of brief exposure (Finlay et aI., 1989;Patterson & Fox, 1984; see also Manning, Finlay, Dewis, & Dunlop, 1992), which renders stereoscopic stimuli below duration threshold for the crossed or uncrossed direction. We predict that changes in exposure duration should influence the proportion of individuals classified as stereoanomalous.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal integration differences between crossed and uncrossed stereoscopic mechanisms

Patterson

Cayko

Short

et al. 1995

Perception & Psychophysics

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In this study, we investigated temporal integration of disparity information for crossed and uncrossed stereopsis. Across three experiments, exposure duration thresholds were measured for stereoscopic stimuli created from dynamic random-dot stereograms. In Experiment 1,an investigation of disparity detection showed that detection thresholds were equal for the crossed and uncrossed directions. In Experiment 2, an examination of duration limits for depth perception showed that critical durations were lower, and depth more veridical, for crossed depth than for uncrossed depth. In Experiment 3, an investigation of depth discrimination revealed that discrimination thresholds were lower for crossed depth than for uncrossed depth. These results suggest that crossed and uncrossed mechanisms differ in terms of their temporal integration properties at processing levels involvingthe computation and discrimination of depth.In this study, we investigated the temporal integration of disparity information for crossed and uncrossed stereopsis. The motivation for this study came from previous research on stereoanomaly, which refers to an insensitivity to retinal disparity of a given direction, crossed or uncrossed, involving individuals with otherwise normal vision (Richards, 1970(Richards, , 1971. In these original studies of stereoanomaly, Richards had observers discriminate the depth of stimuli presented with a large crossed or uncrossed disparity or with no disparity. One third of the observers were insensitive to depth in the crossed or uncrossed direction, but they could discriminate depth correctly in the other direction. The selective nature of stereoanomaly suggested that separate classes of neural mechanisms mediate crossed and uncrossed stereopsis, and that the stereoanomalous individuals possessed an impaired class of mechanism.In Richards's (1970Richards's ( , 1971) studies, the test stimulus was exposed for 80 msec in order to prevent vergence eye movements, which would alter the magnitude and possibly the direction of the disparity of the stimulus. Changes in disparity direction would allow a stereoanomalous observer to disguise a deficit. For example, an observer with crossed stereoanomaly could make convergence eye movements, thereby placing the stimulus in the uncrossed disparity region for which depth perception would be norCorrespondence concerning this article should be addressed to R. Patterson, Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, mal. Brief exposures have also been used in other studies documenting large proportions of stereoanomalous ob-. servers (for review, see Mustillo, 1985).It is likely that brief stimulus exposures may actually produce stereoanomaly. Patterson and Fox (1984) examined the performance of 98 observers on two depth perception tasks, one involving recognition of a briefly exposed stereoscopic Landolt C created from dynamic random-dot stereograms, and the other involving depth estimation of long-exposure stereoscopic afterimages (afterimages eliminated the conf...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal integration differences between crossed and uncrossed stereoscopic mechanisms

Patterson

Cayko

Short

et al. 1995

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Multiple studies have used electrophysiologic and psychophysical methods to investigate stereoscopic processing. [1][2][3][4] Aspects, such as visual persistence, hemispheric dominancy, position within the visual field, temporal frequency, and depth reversal rates, affected depth perception. [5][6][7][8][9] Visual evoked potential (VEP) studies have implicated the N1 (or an early negative wave) and P3 components to be elicited in the visual cortex by stereo and depth-inducing stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural and Vascular Responses to Fused Binocular Stimuli: A VEP and fNIRS Study

Wijeakumar

Shahani

McCulloch

et al. 2012

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. The aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between neural and hemodynamic responses to stereoscopic stimuli recorded over visual cortex. METHODS.Test stimuli consisted of a static checkerboard (checks) and dichoptic static random dot (RD) presentations with no binocular disparity (ZD) or with horizontal disparity (HD). Hemodynamic responses were recorded from right and left occipital sites using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded over three occipital sites to the onset of the same stimuli.RESULTS. Early components, N1 and P2, were sensitive to HD, suggesting that an enhanced N1-reduced P2 complex could be an indicator of binocular disparity and stereopsis. VEPs to checks and ZD stimulation were similar. fNIRS recordings showed changes in hemodynamic activation from baseline levels in response to all stimuli. In general, HD elicited a larger vascular response than ZD. Oxyhemoglobin concentration (HbO) was correlated with the VEP amplitude during the checks and HD presentations. CONCLUSIONS.We report an association between neural and hemodynamic activation in response to checks and HD. In addition, the results suggested that N1-P2 complex in the VEP could be a neural marker for stereopsis and fNIRS demonstrated differences in HbO. Specifically, checks and HD elicited larger hemodynamic responses than random dot patterns without binocular disparity. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:5881-5889) DOI:10.1167/iovs.12-10399 D epth perception is based on the amalgamation of monocular cues, such as lighting, accommodation, shading, blur, perspective, and motion parallax, and binocular cues, such as convergence and stereopsis. Of these, stereopsis is the principal measure of binocular vision. Multiple studies have used electrophysiologic and psychophysical methods to investigate stereoscopic processing.1-4 Aspects, such as visual persistence, hemispheric dominancy, position within the visual field, temporal frequency, and depth reversal rates, affected depth perception. 5-9 Visual evoked potential (VEP) studies have implicated the N1 (or an early negative wave) and P3 components to be elicited in the visual cortex by stereo and depth-inducing stimuli. [10][11][12][13][14][15] In accordance with these results, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has shown definitively that areas involved in stereoscopic processing extend from the dorsal occipital [16][17][18] through to the posterior parietal areas. 16,[19][20][21] The relatively new technique of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) can measure changes in blood flow in response to neural activation as absolute or relative concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (HbO) and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) levels. fNIRS relies on the principle that amplitude modulated light of two different wavelengths from the near-infrared and visible spectrum will penetrate the scalp and skull through to brain tissue. fNIRS also can be used easily in conjunction with VEPs. In previous studies, we have shown, usi...

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“…In the literature, results show differences in the latencies and in the number of the peaks recorded. The results reported consist of studies that obtained monophasic (Regan and Spekreijse 1970;Julesz et al 1980;Julesz and Kropfl 1982;Oguchi and Mashima 1989), biphasic (Regan and Beverley 1973;Fukai 1985;Fenelon et al 1986;Skrandies 1987;Chao et al 1988;Manning et al 1992;Janssen et al 1999) and triphasic (Mol and Caberg 1977;Herpers et al 1981;Yanashima et al 1987) waveforms. Besides the results in which the peaks are localized within a 100-200 ms interval (Regan and Spekreijse 1970;Fukai 1985;Skrandies 1987;Yanashima et al 1987;Oguchi and Mashima 1989), there are also results that consist of peaks within a wide 100-600 ms window (Mol and Caberg 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Besides the results in which the peaks are localized within a 100-200 ms interval (Regan and Spekreijse 1970;Fukai 1985;Skrandies 1987;Yanashima et al 1987;Oguchi and Mashima 1989), there are also results that consist of peaks within a wide 100-600 ms window (Mol and Caberg 1977). The most prominent peak, that is common to most of the studies, is a negative peak with a latency in the 200-400 ms window (Regan and Beverley 1973;Fenelon et al 1986;Chao et al 1988;Manning et al 1992;Janssen et al 1999). Some of the investigators have obtained a positive peak with a latency of 400-600 ms (Fenelon et al 1986;Manning et al 1992) following this negative peak.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The most prominent peak, that is common to most of the studies, is a negative peak with a latency in the 200-400 ms window (Regan and Beverley 1973;Fenelon et al 1986;Chao et al 1988;Manning et al 1992;Janssen et al 1999). Some of the investigators have obtained a positive peak with a latency of 400-600 ms (Fenelon et al 1986;Manning et al 1992) following this negative peak.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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The effect of disparity change on binocular visual evoked potential parameters elicited by convergent dynamic random-dot stereogram stimuli in humans

Şahinoğlu

2002

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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Binocular visual evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded from the left and right occipital cortices of right-handed subjects in response to six different levels of convergent disparity using the stimulus of dynamic random-dot stereogram (DRDS). The VEP obtained consisted of a negative (N1) and a positive peak (P1) within intervals of 200-400 ms and 400-600 ms, respectively. The latency of the N1 wave decreased with disparity and the amplitude of the same wave displayed a concave-down curve. The tuning-curve of N1 showed that the cortical focus, which produced this wave, was sensitive to mid-disparities. The fact that the tuning-curve of the right hemisphere was sharper than that of the left implied that the right hemisphere was more disparity-selective. In contrast to N1, the change of the latency and the amplitude of the P1 with disparity consisted of concave-up curves. The inverse correlation between the amplitudes of N1 and P1 with disparity made me think that the activation of the neuron population, which gave rise to N1 wave, changed the synchronization level of the cortical focus responsible for the P1 wave. If we keep in mind that the perception of depth is the result of the disparity detection, then we may conclude that N1 is related to disparity detection and P1 is the electrophysiological correlate of a depth percept.

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Detection duration thresholds and evoked potential measures of stereosensitivity

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Temporal integration differences between crossed and uncrossed stereoscopic mechanisms

Temporal integration differences between crossed and uncrossed stereoscopic mechanisms

Neural and Vascular Responses to Fused Binocular Stimuli: A VEP and fNIRS Study

The effect of disparity change on binocular visual evoked potential parameters elicited by convergent dynamic random-dot stereogram stimuli in humans

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