Detection, Diagnosis, and Preventive Management of the Bacterial Plant Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae

Abstract

Plant diseases caused by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae are serious problems for various plant species worldwide. Accurate detection and diagnosis of P. syringae infections are critical for the effective management of these plant diseases. In this review, we summarize the current methods for the detection and diagnosis of P. syringae, including traditional techniques such as culture isolation and microscopy, and relatively newer techniques such as PCR and ELISA. It should be noted that each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of each method depends on the specific requirements, resources of each laboratory, and field settings. We also discuss the future trends in this field, such as the need for more sensitive and specific methods to detect the pathogens at low concentrations and the methods that can be used to diagnose P. syringae infections that are co-existing with other pathogens. Modern technologies such as genomics and proteomics could lead to the development of new methods of highly accurate detection and diagnosis based on the analysis of genetic and protein markers of the pathogens. Furthermore, using machine learning algorithms to analyze large data sets could yield new insights into the biology of P. syringae and novel diagnostic strategies. This review could enhance our understanding of P. syringae and help foster the development of more effective management techniques of the diseases caused by related pathogens.

Plant Growth Promotion and Plant Disease Suppression Induced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain GD4a

“…Similarly, when confronted with P. irregulare , responsible for plant damping off disease [ 68 ], GD4a exhibited an inhibition rate of roughly 50% against the oomycete pathogen in vitro ( Figure 3 M–O). Lastly, GD4a’s effectiveness extended to bacterial pathogens, as shown in the antagonistic assay with P. syringae , which causes plant bacterial speck disease [ 53 , 69 ]. In this case, GD4a produced an inhibition zone of approximately 20 mm against the bacterial pathogen in vitro ( Figure 3 P,Q).…”

“…On another front, Pst DC3000, a pathovar of Pseudomonas syringae , is recognized for causing bacterial speck disease in tomato and Arabidopsis plants [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. It serves as a well-studied model pathogen for investigating disease susceptibility and hormone signaling in plants [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]. Although there exists comprehensive research on detecting, diagnosing, and managing the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae [ 53 ], there is a notable dearth of recent investigations into the specific use of B. amyloliquefaciens for controlling Pst DC3000.…”

“…It serves as a well-studied model pathogen for investigating disease susceptibility and hormone signaling in plants [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]. Although there exists comprehensive research on detecting, diagnosing, and managing the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae [ 53 ], there is a notable dearth of recent investigations into the specific use of B. amyloliquefaciens for controlling Pst DC3000. Consequently, further research is imperative to assess the efficacy of B. amyloliquefaciens against Pst DC3000 and to ascertain the optimal conditions for its deployment as a biocontrol agent in combatting this particular bacterial pathogen.…”

Bacillus Species: Excellent Biocontrol Agents against Tomato Diseases

“…tomato is a quarantine bacterium in many countries [ 44 ]. In the epiphytic phase, the bacterium adheres to the leaves and creates spots, but the plants do not necessarily die, while in the endophytic phase, the pathogen penetrates into the tissue of the leaves and causes the death of the plants [ 45 ]. In addition to the leaves, the symptoms also appear on the stems and fruits in the form of dark spots, which affect the quality and yield of fruits.…”

Toxins in plant pathogenesis: Understanding the role of toxins in host-pathogen interaction

“…tabaci, which causes the wildfire disease of tobacco. Pathovar tabaci strains can be found on different hosts, like beans and soybeans [133,134], and by other pathovars of P. syringae, that are found on coffee, maize, and oats. Necrotic spots are caused by toxin-producing strains on leaves, and each spot has a yellow halo encircling it.…”