Detection and structure elucidation of hydroxythiovardenafil as an adulterant in a herbal dietary supplement

Jankovics, Péter; Lohner, Szilvia; Darcsi, András; Németh-Palotás, Júlia; Béni, Szabolcs

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2012.10.013

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Adulteration is an exemplary repercussion of such laxity. Well documented are instances of diuretics, stimulants, anorectics, or oxidative uncouplers contained in weight loss supplements [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74], steroids in performance enhancers [75][76][77][78][79][80], and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors contained within male enhancement products [72,74,[81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93]. At least nine people died in Sweden following exposure to Kratom adulterated with Odesmethyltramadol, a potent opioid analgesic.…”

Section: Supplement Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine

et al. 2016

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Introduction Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a plant native to Southeast Asia, has been used for centuries for its stimulant and opium-like effects. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, exclusive to M. speciosa, are the alkaloids primary responsible for Kratom's biologic and psychoactive profile, and likely contribute to its problematic use. We purchased several commercially available Kratom analogs for analysis and through our results, present evidence of probable adulteration with the highly potent and addictive plant alkaloid, 7-hydroxymitragynine. Methods A simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in methanol extract of marketed Kratom supplements. Results We found multiple commercial Kratom products to have concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine that are substantially higher than those found in raw M. speciosa leaves. Conclusions We have found multiple packaged commercial Kratom products likely to contain artificially elevated concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine, the alkaloid responsible for M. speciosa's concerning mechanistic and side effect profile. This study describes a unique form of product adulteration, which stresses the importance of increased dietary supplement oversight of Kratom-containing supplements.

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Section: Supplement Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine

et al. 2016

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“…Liquid chromatography (LC), namely HPLC and more recently ultra‐high‐performance LC (UHPLC), is the most commonly reported separation technique applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical adulterants in dietary supplements, in particular those used for weight loss and sexual performance enhancement (Table and ). The use of HPLC coupled to ultraviolet detection, especially HPLC with a diode array detector (DAD), has been recognized for the preliminary identification and screening of adulterants in weight‐loss products (De Cock and others ; De Carvalho and others ; Deconinck and others ; Rebiere and others ; Csupor and others ) and sexual PEDs (Singh and others ; Ortiz and others ; Savaliya and others ; Sacré and others ; Venhuis and others , 2011b; Wollein and others ; Jankovics and others ; Fejos and others ; Zhang and others ). HPLC‐UV has also been used in semipreparative chromatography for unknown compounds isolation purposes (Lee and others ).…”

Section: Determination Of Adulterating Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adulteration of Dietary Supplements by the Illegal Addition of Synthetic Drugs: A Review

Rocha

Amaral

Oliveira

2015

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

182

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In the last few years, the consumption of dietary supplements, especially those having plants as ingredients, has been increasing due to the common idea that they are natural products posing no risks to human health. In the European Union and the United States, dietary supplements are legally considered as foods/special category of foods, thus are not being submitted to any safety assessment prior to their commercialization. Among the issues that can affect safety, adulteration by the illegal addition of pharmaceutical substances or their analogs is of major concern since unscrupulous producers can falsify these products to provide for quick effects and to increase sales. This review discusses the various classes of synthetic drugs most frequently described as being illegally added to dietary supplements marketed for weight loss, muscle building/sport performance and sexual performance enhancement. Information regarding regulation and consumption is also presented. Finally, several conventional and advanced analytical techniques used to detect and identify different adulterants in dietary supplements and therefore also in foods, with particular emphasis on plant food supplements, are critically described. This review demonstrates that dietary supplement adulteration is an emerging food safety problem and that an effective control by food regulatory authorities is needed to safeguard consumers.

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“…Although the most frequent adulterants show difference geographically, vardenafil and its analogues are rarely adulterated according to a recent report, in which only two cases of the detected PDE-5i adulterants were ascribed to vardenafil among 92 samples [ 6 ]. Seven analogues of vardenafil, piperidino vardenafil [ 7 ], Desulfovardenafil [ 8 ], Hydroxyvardenafil [ 9 ], Norneovardenafil [ 1 ], N -Desethylvardenafil [ 1 ], Acetylvardenafil [ 10 ],Hydroxythiovardenafil [ 11 ], were reported in past decades, accounting for 9% of PDE-5i analogues detected as adulterants in dietary supplements according to previous report [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%