Detection and Quantitation of Fetomaternal Hemorrhage

Wa, Turner; He, Fadel; Js, Krauss

doi:10.1097/00007611-198605000-00012

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Following this rationale, some physicians advocate measuring anti-D titers after administration of RhIG to assess the need for additional doses of RhIG. 98,99 Mollison and colleagues 100 consider this practice "unsound in principle," as even when the D antigen concentration is low, not all anti-D is bound to RBCs. This opinion is maintained by Klein and Anstee, 101 who revised and edited the most recent edition of Mollison's textbook.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory methods for Rh immunoprophylaxis: a review

Sandler¹,

Sathiyamoorthy

2010

Immunohematology

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The recommended dose of Rh immune globulin for postpartum Rh immunoprophylaxis is based on an estimation of the volume of the fetomaternal hemorrhage, if any, measured as the percent of fetal RBCs in a sample of the D-mother's blood. Laboratory methods for distinguishing fetal from maternal RBCs have been based on their different blood types (D+ versus D-) or predominant hemoglobin content (hemoglobin F versus hemoglobin A). We conducted a review of the medical literature describing laboratory methods for detecting and quantifying fetal RBCs in maternal blood samples. We also used data collected for the College of American Pathologists Fetal RBC Detection Surveys to determine which laboratory methods are used currently in hospitals in the United States. The rosette screen is used widely for identifying D-mothers who may require additional doses of Rh immune globulin for postpartum immunoprophylaxis. As the rosette screen targets the D antigen, it is not suitable for detecting a fetomaternal hemorrhage in D+ mothers or when the D type of the fetus or newborn is D-or unknown. The acid-elution (Kleihauer-Betke) assay is a sensitive laboratory method for quantifying a fetomaternal hemorrhage, but it is tedious, often inaccurate, and difficult to reproduce. Flow cytometry, using anti-D or antihemoglobin F reagents, offers a more precise quantification of fetal RBCs in maternal blood. However, flow cytometry services for this function are available in relatively few hospital laboratories in the United States because of logistic and fiscal impediments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory methods for Rh immunoprophylaxis: a review

Sandler¹,

Sathiyamoorthy

2010

Immunohematology

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“…87,88 This has not been shown to be a reliable indicator of FMH since several days may be required before equilibration of plasma levels of RhIG occurs after IM injection.…”

Section: Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Rh Immune Globulin: ASCP Practice Parameter

Hartwell

1998

Am J Clin Pathol

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A b s t r a c tThe use ofRh immune globulin (RhIG) The binding of maternal anti-D to the fetal RBCs often leads to extravascular hemolysis that ranges from minimal to extreme and this, in part, determines the severity of HDN. At its worst, the anemia leads to fetal hepatosplenomegaly, hydrops fetalis, heart failure, and death in utero or soon after birth.2 Infants who survive are at risk for the development of kernicterus and resultant neuronal damage.There is a dose-dependent relationship between the volume of Rh-positive RBCs to which the Rh-negative person is exposed and the incidence of Rh immunization, with volumes as small as 0.1 mL resulting in antibody formation.3 Consequently, the degree of fetomatemal hemorrhage (FMH) is an important consideration in the maternal development of anti-D. During a normal first-trimester pregnancy, approximately 3% of women have detectable fetal RBCs in their circulation, although, typically, this is less than 0.1 mL. 4 As pregnancy progresses, the frequency and volume of fetal RBCs in the maternal circulation increases, with 12% of women in the second trimester and 45% of women in the third trimester having detectable fetal RBCs in their circulation. 4 At the time of delivery, up to 50% of women delivering an ABO-compatible infant will have demonstrable circulating fetal RBCs. 5 Therefore, the major immunizing event for Rh-negative women occurs late in pregnancy and primarily at the time of delivery when

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“…However, combined inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis and efferocytosis has been observed to effectively suppress metastatic recurrence of tumors. Notably, the immunosuppressive microenvironment in GBM patients forms a comprehensive and self-sufficient system [ 21 ]. Additionally, the efferocytosis process may function as an immune checkpoint similar to PD-1/PD-L1, which could be targeted for therapeutic interventions [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction, immune infiltration characteristics and prognostic modeling of efferocytosis-related subtypes in glioblastoma

Zhao,

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2023

BMC Med Genomics

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Background Efferocytosis is a biological process in which phagocytes remove apoptotic cells and vesicles from tissues. This process is initiated by the release of inflammatory mediators from apoptotic cells and plays a crucial role in resolving inflammation. The signals associated with efferocytosis have been found to regulate the inflammatory response and the tumor microenvironment (TME), which promotes the immune escape of tumor cells. However, the role of efferocytosis in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is not well understood and requires further investigation. Methods In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 22 efferocytosis-related genes (ERGs) by searching for studies related to efferocytosis. Using bulk RNA-Seq and single-cell sequencing data, we analyzed the expression and mutational characteristics of these ERGs. By using an unsupervised clustering algorithm, we obtained ERG clusters from 549 GBM patients and evaluated the immune infiltration characteristics of each cluster. We then identified differential genes (DEGs) in the two ERG clusters and classified GBM patients into different gene clusters using univariate cox analysis and unsupervised clustering algorithms. Finally, we utilized the Boruta algorithm to screen for prognostic genes and reduce dimensionality, and the PCA algorithm was applied to create a novel efferocytosis-related scoring system. Results Differential expression of ERGs in glioma cell lines and normal cells was analyzed by rt-PCR. Cell function experiments, on the other hand, validated TIMD4 as a tumor risk factor in GBM. We found that different ERG clusters and gene clusters have distinct prognostic and immune infiltration profiles. The ERG signature we developed provides insight into the tumor microenvironment of GBM. Patients with lower ERG scores have a better survival rate and a higher likelihood of benefiting from immunotherapy. Conclusions Our novel efferocytosis-related signature has the potential to be used in clinical practice for risk stratification of GBM patients and for selecting individuals who are likely to respond to immunotherapy. This can help clinicians design appropriate targeted therapies before initiating clinical treatment.

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Detection and Quantitation of Fetomaternal Hemorrhage

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Laboratory methods for Rh immunoprophylaxis: a review

Laboratory methods for Rh immunoprophylaxis: a review

Use of Rh Immune Globulin: ASCP Practice Parameter

Interaction, immune infiltration characteristics and prognostic modeling of efferocytosis-related subtypes in glioblastoma

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