Detection and quantification of Ochratoxin A in milk produced in organic farms

Pattono, Daniele; Gallo, Pasquale; Civera, Tiziana

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.051

Cited by 53 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A provisional tolerable weekly intake of 100 ng/kg.bw/week has been established for OTA by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) [10], JECFA, 2001), although a maximum residue limit (MRL) for OTA in milk has not been agreed upon internationally. A study in Italy detected OTA concentrations of 70-110 ng/L in organic milk [11]. In China, Huang et al [12] measured levels of OTA in raw, powdered, and liquid cow's milk, and found mean concentrations of 56.7, 27.0, and 26.8 ng/kg, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Analysis of Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells

Yang

Gao

Yan

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Ochratoxin A (OTA), an important mycotoxin that occurs in food and animal feed, has aroused widespread concern in recent years. Previous studies have indicated that OTA causes nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. The intestinal toxicity of OTA has gradually become a focus of research, but the mechanisms underlying this toxicity have not been described. Here, differentiated Caco-2 cells were incubated for 48 h with different concentrations of OTA and transcriptome analysis was used to estimate damage to the intestinal barrier. Gene expression profiling was used to compare the characteristics of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). There were altogether 10,090 DEGs, mainly clustered into two downregulation patterns. The Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING), which was used to analyze the protein–protein interaction network, indicated that 24 key enzymes were mostly responsible for regulating cell apoptosis. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was used to validate eight genes, three of which were key genes (CASP3, CDC25B, and EGR1). The results indicated that OTA dose-dependently induces apoptosis in differentiated Caco-2 cells. Transcriptome analysis showed that the impairment of intestinal function caused by OTA might be partly attributed to apoptosis, which is probably associated with downregulation of murine double minute 2 (MDM2) expression and upregulation of Noxa and caspase 3 (CASP3) expression. This study has highlighted the intestinal toxicity of OTA and provided a genome-wide view of biological responses, which provides a theoretical basis for enterotoxicity and should be useful in establishing a maximum residue limit for OTA.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Analysis of Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells

Yang

Gao

Yan

et al. 2019

Toxins

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“…prepared or obtained from animals that were fed with contaminated material (Capriotti, Caruso, Cavaliere, Foglia, Samperi & Lagana, 2012). changes in the diet or high mycotoxin contamination in the animal feed (Pattono, Gallo & Civera, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence of mycotoxins in animal milk: A review

et al. 2015

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Mycotoxins can cause toxicity when ingested by humans and animals. Although the rumen is supposed to be a barrier against mycotoxins, some studies demonstrate that carry-over of mycotoxins to milk is possible. Different studies have found mycotoxin levels in animal milk, mainly related to contaminated feed for ruminants. Aflatoxin M1 is the most studied mycotoxin in milk and levels exceeding the EU maximum level for this mycotoxin in this matrix (0.050 μg/kg) have been found. Maximum levels in milk for other mycotoxins have not been established; however ochratoxin A, aflatoxins G1, G2, B1, B2 and M2, fumonisin B1, cyclopiazonic acid, zearalenone and its metabolites and deepoxydeoxynivalenol have also been found in milk samples. Taking into account that multi-exposure to mycotoxins is the most likely scenario and co-occurrence of mycotoxins could affect their toxicological effects in humans and animals, there is a need to determine the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in milk.

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“…The validated method is capable of detecting AFM1 at this level. It is also capable of detecting other mycotoxins that have been found in milk worldwide, such as aflatoxins G1, G2, B1, B2 [22], ZEA [23][24][25], DOM-1 [26], FB1 [27,28] and OTA [24,[29][30][31]; and others that have not been previously studied in milk such as OTB.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Mycotoxins in Peruvian Evaporated Cow Milk

Flores-Flores

González-Peñas

2018

Beverages

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Mycotoxins-toxic secondary fungi metabolites-reach humans through food, producing several effects on their health and economic losses. Mycotoxin co-occurrence is common in food due to the co-presence of different fungi species, each of which may produce different toxins. A survey regarding the presence of 22 mycotoxins (aflatoxins M1, B1, B2, G1, G2; ochratoxins A and B; fumonisins B1, B2 and B3; HT-2 and T-2 toxins; nivalenol; deoxynivalenol; deepoxy-deoxynivalenol; 3 and 15 acetyl-deoxynivalenol; diacetoxyscirpenol; fusarenon X; neosolaniol; sterigmatocystin; and zearalenone) in 30 Peruvian evaporated cow milk samples is presented for the first time. Analysis was carried out by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, which was based on two previously validated methods for quantification of these toxic compounds in liquid cow milk, and further validated for the new matrix. The only detected mycotoxin was ochratoxin A, which was found in four samples, although at levels below its limit of quantification (0.2 ng/mL). This initial study indicates that the presence of mycotoxins in evaporated milk is low in Peru. However, we recommend the analysis of more samples and more milk types obtained from urban and rural areas, in order to obtain more data that will allow further risk assessments to be carried out.

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Detection and quantification of Ochratoxin A in milk produced in organic farms

Cited by 53 publications

References 28 publications

Transcriptome Analysis of Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells

Transcriptome Analysis of Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells

Presence of mycotoxins in animal milk: A review

Analysis of Mycotoxins in Peruvian Evaporated Cow Milk

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