Detection and quantification of nitric oxide–derived oxidants in biological systems

Abstract

Edited by Ruma Banerjee The free radical nitric oxide (NO ⅐) exerts biological effects through the direct and reversible interaction with specific targets (e.g. soluble guanylate cyclase) or through the generation of secondary species, many of which can oxidize, nitrosate or nitrate biomolecules. The NO ⅐-derived reactive species are typically short-lived, and their preferential fates depend on kinetic and compartmentalization aspects. Their detection and quantification are technically challenging. In general, the strategies employed are based either on the detection of relatively stable end products or on the use of synthetic probes, and they are not always selective for a particular species. In this study, we describe the biologically relevant characteristics of the reactive species formed downstream from NO ⅐ , and we discuss the approaches currently available for the analysis of NO ⅐ , nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ⅐), dinitrogen trioxide (N 2 O 3), nitroxyl (HNO), and peroxynitrite (ONOO ؊ /ONOOH), as well as peroxynitrite-derived hydroxyl (HO ⅐) and carbonate anion (CO 3 ⅐ ؊) radicals. We also discuss the biological origins of and analytical tools for detecting nitrite (NO 2 ؊), nitrate (NO 3 ؊), nitrosyl-metal com

Oxidative Stress: Concept and Some Practical Aspects

“…Chemically reactive molecules of low-molecular-mass (“reactive species”) have been extensively investigated in their role in regulation. Recent accounts were given for reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 7 ], reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [ 10 , 11 ], reactive sulfur species (RSS) [ 12 ], reactive electrophile species (RES) [ 13 ], and reactive halogen species (RHS) [ 14 ]. Clearly, multiple interactions constitute checks and balances in redox regulation [ 15 ].…”

Identification of 8-Azaguanine Biosynthesis–Related Genes Provides Insight Into the Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Biosynthetic Pathway for 1,2,3-Triazole

“…Nitric oxide can be autoxidized and give different “reactive nitrogen species” products, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), dinitrogen trioxide (N 2 O 3 , which can also be formed from NO at acidic pH), etc. ( Möller et al, 2019 ). To confirm the function of 8-AzgA, we purified its soluble protein; further enzymatic assays with N G -hydroxyl- L -arginine (intermediate of L -arginine and NOS reaction) and 8-AzgA revealed the release of NO in the reaction system ( Supplementary Figure 2 ).…”

Synthesis and Biomedical Potential of Azapeptide Modulators of the Cluster of Differentiation 36 Receptor (CD36)

“…Nitric oxide (NO) production by immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages has been considered an index of the inflammatory process in response to stimuli such as TLR agonists, proinflammatory cytokines and interferon γ. Azapeptide analogues were examined for their ability to reduce NO production in macrophages activated with the TLR-2 agonist ( R )-fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide (R-FSL-1). The physiological mediator NO is a marker of inflammation that can be readily trapped to provide a measurable fluorescent adduct [ 30 ]. The reduction of NO release from activated macrophages was considered a prerequisite indicator of CD36-mediated activity and used to select lead candidates for receptor binding affinity and angiogenesis studies in a microvascular sprouting assay using choroid explants.…”