Detection and Quantification of Bisphenol A in Surface Water Using Absorbance–Transmittance and Fluorescence Excitation–Emission Matrices (A-TEEM) Coupled with Multiway Techniques

Abstract

In the present protocol, we determined the presence and concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) spiked in surface water samples using EEM fluorescence spectroscopy in conjunction with modelling using partial least squares (PLS) and parallel factor (PARAFAC). PARAFAC modelling of the EEM fluorescence data obtained from surface water samples contaminated with BPA unraveled four fluorophores including BPA. The best outcomes were obtained for BPA concentration (R2 = 0.996; standard deviation to prediction error’s root mean square ratio (RPD) = 3.41; and a Pearson’s r value of 0.998). With these values of R2 and Pearson’s r, the PLS model showed a strong correlation between the predicted and measured BPA concentrations. The detection and quantification limits of the method were 3.512 and 11.708 micro molar (µM), respectively. In conclusion, BPA can be precisely detected and its concentration in surface water predicted using the PARAFAC and PLS models developed in this study and fluorescence EEM data collected from BPA-contaminated water. It is necessary to spatially relate surface water contamination data with other datasets in order to connect drinking water quality issues with health, environmental restoration, and environmental justice concerns.

Occurrence, persistence, and ecological risk of bisphenol A in surface water receiving raw leachate from a municipal solid waste open dump in Kerawalapitiya, Sri Lanka

“…The water samples were collected using a stainless‐steel bucket at approximately 5−10 cm depth (Yamazaki et al., 2015). The grab sampling method was used, and at each sampling point, three replicates were collected within 5 min (Folorunsho et al., 2023; Ingwani et al., 2023). The grab samples were stored in amber‐colored glass bottles (2.5 L, treated with borosilicate, pre‐heated at 400°C for 4 h before use) (Gao et al., 2023).…”

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of three-dimensional fluorescence spectra by improved parallel factor analysis with internal standard sample embedding

“…Thomas Ingwani et al accurately detected the presence and concentration of bisphenol A (BPA) in spiked surface water samples using EEM uorescence spectroscopy coupled with modeling using parallel factor (PARAFAC) and partial least squares (PLS) 30 . Marta Bevilacqua et al reliably identi ed and quanti ed uorescent protein oxidation products using two protein oxidation product sample sets (a calibration set with known mixtures and concentrations, and a sample set) in combination with EEM-PARAFAC 31 .…”