Detection and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus in clinical, environmental and putative animal sources

Ishida, Setsuko; Yoshizumi, Shima; Ikeda, Tetsuya; Miyoshi, Masahiro; Goto, Akiko; Matsubayashi, Keiji; Ikeda, Hisami

doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1422-8

Cited by 54 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Moreover, infectious particles have been reported to occur in sewage (Pina et al 1998). HEV has been also detected in surface waters in industrialized countries: in the Netherlands, RNA of G3 HEV was detected in river water likely contaminated by sewage (Rutjes et al 2009); in Japan this same genotype was detected in seawater samples (Ishida et al 2012). In Italy, a molecular HEV screening of raw sewage samples collected between 2008 and 2009 yielded 16 % of positive samples, the vast majority belonging to G1 (only one G3 strain) (La Rosa et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A and E Viruses in Wastewaters, in River Waters, and in Bivalve Molluscs in Italy

et al. 2015

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Several studies have reported the detection of hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) virus in sewage waters, indicating a possibility of contamination of aquatic environments. The objective of the present study was to assess the occurrence of HAV and HEV in different water environments, following the route of contamination from raw sewage through treated effluent to the surface waters receiving wastewater discharges . Bivalve molluscan shellfish samples were also analyzed, as sentinel of marine pollution. Samples were tested by RT-PCR nested type in the VP1/2A junction for HAV, and in the ORF1 and ORF2 regions for HEV. Hepatitis A RNA was detected in 12 water samples: 7/21 (33.3%) raw sewage samples, 3/21 (14.3%) treated sewage samples, and 2/27 (7.4%) river water samples. Five sequences were classified as genotype IA, while the remaining 7 sequences belonged to genotype IB. In bivalves, HAV was detected in 13/56 samples (23.2%), 12 genotype IB and one genotype IA. Whether the presence of HAV in the matrices tested indicates the potential for waterborne and foodborne transmission is unknown, since infectivity of the virus was not demonstrated. HEV was detected in one raw sewage sample and in one river sample, both belonging to genotype 3. Sequences were similar to sequences detected previously in Italy in patients with autochthonous HEV (no travel history) and in animals (swine). To our knowledge, this is the first detection of HEV in river waters in Italy, suggesting that surface water can be a potential source for exposure .

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A and E Viruses in Wastewaters, in River Waters, and in Bivalve Molluscs in Italy

et al. 2015

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“…2). HEV-3 is prevalent among swine worldwide (71)(72)(73)(74)(75)(76)(77)(78)(79)(80)(81)(82)(83)(84)(85)(86) as well as in other mammals, including deer and mongooses (83,(87)(88)(89), though little is known about the sylvatic circulation of HEV.…”

Section: Epidemiologic Patterns Of Hepatitis E Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Immune Status and Response to Hepatitis E Virus Infection

2014

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SUMMARY Hepatitis E virus (HEV), identified over 30 years ago, remains a serious threat to life, health, and productivity in developing countries where access to clean water is limited. Recognition that HEV also circulates as a zoonotic and food-borne pathogen in developed countries is more recent. Even without treatment, most cases of HEV-related acute viral hepatitis (with or without jaundice) resolve within 1 to 2 months. However, HEV sometimes leads to acute liver failure, chronic infection, or extrahepatic symptoms. The mechanisms of pathogenesis appear to be substantially immune mediated. This review covers the epidemiology of HEV infection worldwide, the humoral and cellular immune responses to HEV, and the persistence and protection of antibodies produced in response to both natural infection and vaccines. We focus on the contributions of altered immune states (associated with pregnancy, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], and immunosuppressive agents used in cancer and transplant medicine) to the elevated risks of chronic infection (in immunosuppressed/immunocompromised patients) and acute liver failure and mortality (among pregnant women). We conclude by discussing outstanding questions about the immune response to HEV and interactions with hormones and comorbid conditions. These questions take on heightened importance now that a vaccine is available.

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“…Moreover, genotype 3 HEV strains were also found in many other animal reservoirs including wild boar, rabbits, rats, deer and mongoose (Vasickova et al 2007). Similarly, genotype 4 HEV was detected in humans and pigs, as well in wild boars (Ishida et al 2012); there are also some reports on the finding of genotype-4 like viruses in cattle, goats and sheep. Genotype 4 is particularly important causing sporadic cases of hepatitis in humans in Asia, and in recently reported cases of human liver disease in France (Okamoto 2007).…”

Section: Hepatitis E Virusmentioning

confidence: 95%

Emerging animal viruses: real threats or simple bystanders?

et al. 2013

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The list of animal viruses has been frequently added of new members raising permanent concerns to virologists and veterinarians. The pathogenic potential and association with disease have been clearly demonstrated for some, but not for all of these emerging viruses. This review describes recent discoveries of animal viruses and their potential relevance for veterinary practice. Dogs were considered refractory to influenza viruses until 2004, when an influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was transmitted from horses and produced severe respiratory disease in racing greyhounds in Florida/USA. The novel virus, named canine influenza virus (CIV), is considered now a separate virus lineage and has spread among urban canine population in the USA. A new pestivirus (Flaviviridae), tentatively called HoBi-like pestivirus, was identified in 2004 in commercial fetal bovine serum from Brazil. Hobi-like viruses are genetically and antigenically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and induce similar clinical manifestations. These novel viruses seem to be widespread in Brazilian herds and have also been detected in Southeast Asia and Europe. In 2011, a novel mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus, named Schmallenberg virus (SBV), was associated with fever, drop in milk production, abortion and newborn malformation in cattle and sheep in Germany. Subsequently, the virus disseminated over several European countries and currently represents a real treat for animal health. The origin of SBV is still a matter of debate but it may be a reassortant from previous known bunyaviruses Shamonda and Satuperi. Hepatitis E virus (HEV, family Hepeviridae) is a long known agent of human acute hepatitis and in 1997 was first identified in pigs. Current data indicates that swine HEV is spread worldwide, mainly associated with subclinical infection. Two of the four HEV genotypes are zoonotic and may be transmitted between swine and human by contaminated water and undercooked pork meat. The current distribution and impact of HEV infection in swine production are largely unknown. Avian gyrovirus type 2 (AGV2) is a newly described Gyrovirus, family Circoviridae, which was unexpectedly found in sera of poultry suspected to be infected with chicken anemia virus (CAV). AGV2 is closely related to CAV but displays sufficient genomic differences to be classified as a distinct species. AGV2 seems to be distributed in Brazil and also in other countries but its pathogenic role for chickens is still under investigation. Finally, the long time and intensive search for animal relatives of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) has led to the identification of novel hepaciviruses in dogs (canine hepacivirus [CHV]), horses (non-primate hepaciviruses [NPHV] or Theiler's disease associated virus [TDAV]) and rodents. For these, a clear and definitive association with disease is still lacking and only time and investigation will tell whether they are real disease agents or simple spectators.

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Detection and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus in clinical, environmental and putative animal sources

Cited by 54 publications

References 30 publications

Hepatitis A and E Viruses in Wastewaters, in River Waters, and in Bivalve Molluscs in Italy

Hepatitis A and E Viruses in Wastewaters, in River Waters, and in Bivalve Molluscs in Italy

Host Immune Status and Response to Hepatitis E Virus Infection

Emerging animal viruses: real threats or simple bystanders?

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