Detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV) in HIV-infected women and its relationship with HPV/HIV co-infection

Abstract

HPV have been identified as high-risk and low-risk, depending on their association with the development of cancer. HPV infections can be facilitated by co-infection with HIV. Here, we investigated HPV prevalence and genotypes and the risk factors affecting HPV/HIV co-infection. Forty HIV-positive patients had 80 cervical swab samples collected in 2 consecutive years. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA direct sequencing were used to perform HPV genotyping. Statistical analyses were performed regarding risk factors for HPV/HIV co-infection and the occurrence of cervical lesions. HPV DNA was detected in 59 samples (73.75%), and high-risk HPVs were predominant (59.3%). The most prevalent type was HPV56 (17%), followed by HPV16 (15.3%). Patient age did not affect the risk of cervical cancer (P = .84) or HPV prevalence in different years (P = .25/P = .63). CD4 count also did not affect the risk for cervical lesions in the tested samples (P = .15/P = .28). Although the HIV viral load was not correlated with an increase in cervical lesion detection in the first group of analyzed samples (P = .12), it did affect cervical cancer risk in the group of samples analyzed in the following year (P = .045). HIV-infected patients presented a high prevalence of HPV co-infection, and HPV16 and HPV56 were the most prevalent genotypes. Considering this, it is possible that immunodeficiency can contribute to increased susceptibility to HPV56 infection in HIV-infected patients. The association between HIV viral load and the lesions also confirmed the importance of monitoring HIV/HPV co-infected patients with high HIV viral loads.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a Driven Factor of Human Papilloma Virus among Women: Evidence from a Cross-sectional Analysis in Yaoundé, Cameroon

“…The mean age was 37 years ±3 years, similar between HIV-seropositive women (36.7 years) as compared to HIVseronegative women (37.3 years). The most represented age range was [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] years (44%). Single women were the most represented (58.88%), followed by married women (28.97%), widows (9.34%), and divorced (2.80%).…”

“…Several HPV genotypes were identified in the study population. Interestingly, 74% of women were infected by non-discriminated high-risk genotypes (31,33,35,39,45,51,52, 56, 56, 58 and 11 others) as per the genotyping assay. Surprisingly, only 3% and 4% of the study population were infected solely with HPV 16 and HPV 18 respectively (Figure 1).…”

Protease inhibitor effects on prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and human papillomavirus‐related lesions

“…Tartaglia et al ., in a cross‐sectional study with 200 HIV+ and HIV‐women, showed that overall HPV‐prevalence was 33% with a higher prevalence (48%) in the HIV‐positive group. Badial et al . found that prevalence of HPV, collected in two consecutive years, in 40 HIV‐positive women was 73.5%.…”

Designing of CD8⁺ and CD8⁺-overlapped CD4⁺ epitope vaccine by targeting late and early proteins of human papillomavirus

“…Moreover, the hrHPV strains co-infection has been shown to increase the death rate of HIV patients. 91 Conserved epitopes provide powerful immunization for prolonged period. Sabah et al 92 found that the single 9mer CTL epitope ETSVHEIEL was conserved (100%) in all E6 proteins of HPV58 isolates.…”

“…Among the five epitopes of E6 protein, RTEVYQFAF [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] and YSRIRE-LRY [72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] were predicted to have binding affinity for HLA-A*(32:01, 29:02) and HLA-B*58: 01 MHC class I alleles (Table 1D). Out of 13 MHC-binding E7 peptides (Table 1E), STLSFVCPW [93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101] (HLA-A*32:01, HLA-B*58:01, HLA-B*57:01), LQQLFLSTL [87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95] (HLA-A*02:06), and QLFLSTLSF [89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97] (HLA-B*15:02, HLA-B*15:01, HLA-A*32:01) were predicted to have a binding affinity of IC 50 <200 nm. Furthermore, three out of seven epitopes of L1 protein, such as HVEEYDLQF…”