Detection and genetic characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) derived from ticks removed from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and isolated from spleen samples of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Croatia

Jemeršić, Lorena; Dežđek, Danko; Brnić, Dragan; Prpić, Jelena; Janicki, Zdravko; Keros, Tomislav; Roić, Besi; Slavica, Alen; Terzić, Svjetlana; Konjević, Dean; Beck, Relja

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.11.016

Cited by 50 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Ixodes ricinus is considered the most important vector of many zoonotic pathogens of viral and bacterial origin in Europe (Furness and Furness 2018). In Croatia, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was isolated from adult I. ricinus ticks (Jemeršić et al 2014), while in neighboring Serbia, tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was detected in nymphs (Potkonjak et al 2017). In earlier comprehensive faunistical studies of tick fauna in Croatia, I. ricinus was recorded on 24 hosts (Mikačić 1949, 1965, Tovornik 1987, 1990, Tovornik and Brelih 1980.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the main hosts of I. hexagonus is hedgehog (Gern et al 1991), the likely reason for finding this species on that host. The recent finding of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) isolated from adult I. hexagonus in Croatia (Jemeršić et al 2014) indicates a high vector potential of this species. Finding I. canisuga on the vegetation and on run-over European badgers confirms its recent record from red foxes in Croatia (Hornok et al 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diversity, ecology, and seasonality of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in eastern Croatia

Krčmar

2019

Journal of Vector Ecology

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The diversity of hard tick fauna was studied in different forest communities in 48 localities of eastern Croatia using the dragging‐flagging method and by hand from ten different vertebrate hosts. A total of 2,225 specimens comprising seven species in three genera were identified. Ixodes ricinus, the most abundant species (72.8% of all collected specimens) was recorded in 44 localities, followed by Dermacentor reticulatus in 19 localities, while the other five species (D. marginatus, H. concinna, H. inermis, I. canisuga, and I. hexagonus) were recorded in fewer localities. The highest ratio (67% of collected ticks) was in the adult stage with the predominance of females. The numbers of collected females, males, and nymphs of I. ricinus and H. concinna differed significantly. Ten new tick‐host associations in Croatia were recorded. Fifty‐three animals were infested with one tick species. Single species infestation with I. ricinus was found in 45.8% of animals, followed by D. reticulatus with 25.4%, D. marginatus with 10.2%, H. inermis and I. hexagonus with 3.4%, and I. canisuga with 1.7%. Coinfestation with two species of ticks were recorded in six animals. Ixodes ricinus, H. inermis, and D. reticulatus showed bimodal seasonal activity; for other species unimodal activity patterns were recorded.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity, ecology, and seasonality of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in eastern Croatia

Krčmar

2019

Journal of Vector Ecology

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“…In southern Europe (Italy, Croatia, Turkey) most foxes are hosting (in addition to the three main species and the typical Mediterranean Rhipicephalus spp.) also Haemaphysalis species ( H. erinacei , H. inermis , H. parva , H. punctata and H. sulcata ) and rarely, D. marginatus [27, 43–45]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While ticks may not pose significant health risk directly related to hematophagy, their importance resides in their capacity of transmitting pathogens. Tick communities harbored by foxes were extensively studied in western [19–24] and central Europe [17, 18, 25–27]. However, studies are scant in the eastern part of the continent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesocarnivores and macroparasites: altitude and land use predict the ticks occurring on red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe red fox Vulpes vulpes is the most common mesocarnivore in Europe and with a wide geographical distribution and a high density in most terrestrial habitats of the continent. It is fast urbanising species, which can harbor high numbers of different tick species, depending on the region. Here we present the results of a large-scale study, trying to disentangle the intricate relationship between environmental factors and the species composition of ectoparasites in red foxes. The samples were collected in Transylvania (Romania), a region with a diverse geography and high biodiversity. The dead foxes (collected primarily through the National Surveillance Rabies Program) were examined carefully for the presence of ticks.ResultsTicks (n = 4578) were found on 158 foxes (out of 293 examined; 53.9%). Four species were identified: Dermacentor marginatus, Ixodes canisuga, I. hexagonus and I. ricinus. The most common tick species was I. hexagonus (mean prevalence 37.5%, mean intensity 32.2), followed by I. ricinus (15.0%; 4.86), I. canisuga (4.8%; 7.71) and D. marginatus (3.7%; 3.45). Co-occurrence of two or more tick species on the same host was relatively common (12.6%), the most common co-occurrence being I. hexagonus - I. ricinus. For D. marginatus and I. canisuga the highest prevalence was recorded in lowlands, for I. hexagonus in hilly areas, while for I. ricinus in mountains.ConclusionsAltitude influenced the intensity of parasitism, with highest intensity observed for all Ixodes species in hilly areas. Dermacentor marginatus occurred only in lowlands, I. canisuga in lowlands and hilly areas while the other two species occurred in all of the regions studied. Foxes from lower altitudes had the most tick species associated, with most incidences of co-parasitism also recorded here. Land use affected tick-species composition, with the presence of D. marginatus strongly associated with the extension of arable areas and lack of forests. The presence of I. hexagonus was determined only by the extent of arable lands. As foxes are frontrunners of wildlife urbanization process, with a continuous increase of their numbers in urban areas, the knowledge of their ticks’ ecology (and the pathogens vectored by these) is of utmost importance.

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“…It has not been found on German (Schöffel et al, 1991) or British foxes (Harris and Thompson, 1978), but does infest the foxes in France (prevalence 7%) (Aubert, 1975). Other authors found D. reticulatus infesting foxes during studies of different tick bornediseases (Jemeršić et al, 2014) and ectoparasites on wild animals (Domínguez-Peñafiel et al, 2011). In the study done in Burgos by Domínguez-Peñafiel et al (2011), D. reticulatus showed an affinity for foxes and wolves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Spatial distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus in Romania

Chiţimia-Dobler

2015

Veterinary Parasitology

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Detection and genetic characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) derived from ticks removed from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and isolated from spleen samples of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Croatia

Cited by 50 publications

References 33 publications

Diversity, ecology, and seasonality of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in eastern Croatia

Diversity, ecology, and seasonality of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in eastern Croatia

Mesocarnivores and macroparasites: altitude and land use predict the ticks occurring on red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)

Spatial distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus in Romania

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