“…From (11), we obtain E[p s,1 (t, t)] = 0, where E[·] denotes the expectation of a stochastic variable. Moreover, according to the theoretical knowledge of the mean R-S integral [18,19], the variance of p s,1 (t, t) can be derived as follows through uncomplicated computations [9,20] Var[p s,1 (t, t)]…”