Detecting impacts of extreme events with ecological in situ monitoring networks

Mahecha, Miguel D.; Gans, Fabian; Sippel, Sebastian; Donges, Jonathan F.; Kaminski, Thomas W.; Metzger, Stefan; Migliavacca, Mirco; Papale, Dario; Rammig, Anja; Zscheischler, Jakob

doi:10.5194/bg-14-4255-2017

Cited by 50 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…An immensely important resource provided by FLUXNET, and other in situ monitoring networks, is a growing abundance of open‐access eddy covariance‐based NEP estimates derived using systematic, peer‐reviewed data processing protocols (FLUXNET, ) containing NEP values for hundreds of sites (Mahecha et al ., ; Marcolla et al ., ). Through FLUXNET's published data, multi‐decadal records are now available for three temperate North American deciduous forests approaching or exceeding the century mark (http://fluxnet.fluxdata.org/data/fluxnet2015-dataset/).…”

Section: Successional Trends Of Nep In Northern Deciduous Forestsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tansley insight New Phytologist systematic, peer-reviewed data processing protocols (FLUXNET, 2015) containing NEP values for hundreds of sites (Mahecha et al, 2017;Marcolla et al, 2017). Through FLUXNET's published data, multi-decadal records are now available for three temperate North American deciduous forests approaching or exceeding the century mark (http://fluxnet.fluxdata.org/data/fluxnet2015-datase t/).…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Forest aging, disturbance and the carbon cycle

Curtis

Gough

2018

New Phytologist

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Contents Summary 1188 I. Introduction 1188 II. Forest aging and carbon storage 1189 III. Successional trends of NEP in northern deciduous forests 1190 IV. Mechanisms sustaining NEP in aging deciduous forests 1191 Acknowledgements 1192 References 1192 SUMMARY: Large areas of forestland in temperate North America, as well as in other parts of the world, are growing older and will soon transition into middle and then late successional stages exceeding 100 yr in age. These ecosystems have been important regional carbon sinks as they recovered from prior anthropogenic and natural disturbance, but their future sink strength, or annual rate of carbon storage, is in question. Ecosystem development theory predicts a steady decline in annual carbon storage as forests age, but newly available, direct measurements of forest net CO exchange challenge that prediction. In temperate deciduous forests, where moderate severity disturbance regimes now often prevail, there is little evidence for any marked decline in carbon storage rate during mid-succession. Rather, an increase in physical and biological complexity under these disturbance regimes may drive increases in resource-use efficiency and resource availability that help to maintain significant carbon storage in these forests well past the century mark. Conservation of aging deciduous forests may therefore sustain the terrestrial carbon sink, whilst providing other goods and services afforded by these biologically and structurally complex ecosystems.

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Section: Successional Trends Of Nep In Northern Deciduous Forestsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest aging, disturbance and the carbon cycle

Curtis

Gough

2018

New Phytologist

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“…Donges et al, 2016;Frank et al, 2015;le Maire et al, 2010;Lyapustin et al, 2014;Mahecha et al, 2017;Moore et al, 2016;Rammig et al, 2015;Smith, 2011;Vicca et al, 2016;Wu et al, 2012;Zhou et al, 2016;Zscheischler et al, 2013Zscheischler et al, , 2014.…”

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Satellite Observations of the Contrasting Response of Trees and Grasses to Variations in Water Availability

Walther

Duveiller

Jung

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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Interannual variations in ecosystem primary productivity are dominated by water availability. Until recently, characterizing the photosynthetic response of different ecosystems to soil moisture anomalies was hampered by observational limitations. Here, we use a number of satellite‐based proxies for productivity, including spectral indices, sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence, and data‐driven estimates of gross primary production, to reevaluate the relationship between terrestrial photosynthesis and water. In contrast to nonwoody vegetation, we find a resilience of forested ecosystems to reduced soil moisture. Sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence and data‐driven gross primary production indicate an increase in photosynthesis as a result of the accompanying higher amounts of light and temperature despite lowered light‐use‐efficiency. Conversely, remote sensing indicators of greenness reach their detection limit and largely remain stable. Our study thus highlights the differential responses of ecosystems along a tree cover gradient and illustrates the importance of differentiating photosynthesis indicators from those of greenness for the monitoring and understanding of ecosystems.

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“…Finally, future approaches should take additional extreme strength indicators like amplitude or occurrence into account when defining the extreme threshold. One also has to note that FLUXNET sites are not necessarily well placed to capture extreme events (Mahecha et al, 2017).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of droughts and extreme temperature events on gross primary production and ecosystem respiration: a systematic assessment across ecosystems and climate zones

Buttlar¹,

Zscheischler²,

Rammig³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract.Extreme climatic events, such as droughts and heat stress induce anomalies in ecosystem-atmosphere CO 2 fluxes, such as gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R eco ), and, hence, can change the net ecosystem carbon balance.However, despite our increasing understanding of the underlying mechanisms, the magnitudes of the impacts of different types of extremes on GPP and R eco within and between ecosystems remain poorly predicted. Here we aim to identify the major 5 factors controlling the amplitude of extreme event impacts on GPP, R eco , and the resulting net ecosystem production (NEP).We focus on the impacts of heat and drought and their combination. We identified hydrometeorological extreme events in consistently downscaled water availability and temperature measurements over a 30 year time period. We then used FLUXNET eddy-covariance flux measurements to estimate the CO 2 flux anomalies during these extreme events across dominant vegetation types and climate zones. Overall, our results indicate that short-term heat extremes increased respiration more strongly than 10 they down-regulated GPP, resulting in a moderate reduction of the ecosystem's carbon sink potential. In the absence of heat stress, droughts tended to have smaller and similarly dampening effects on both GPP and R eco , and, hence, often resulted in neutral NEP responses. The combination of drought and heat typically led to a strong decrease in GPP, whereas heat and drought impacts on respiration partially offset each other. Taken together, compound heat and drought events led to the strongest C sink reduction compared to any single-factor extreme. A key insight of this paper, however, is that duration matters most: 15 for heat stress during droughts, the magnitude of impacts systematically increased with duration, whereas under heat stress without drought, the response of R eco over time turned from an initial increase to a down-regulation after about two weeks.This confirms earlier theories that not only the magnitude but also the duration of an extreme event determines its impact. Our study corroborates the results of several local site-level case studies, but as a novelty generalizes these findings at the global scale. Specifically, we find that the different response functions of the two antipodal land-atmosphere fluxes GPP and R eco can 20 also result in increasing NEP during certain extreme conditions. Apparently counterintuitive findings of this kind bear great potential for scrutinizing the mechanisms implemented in state-of-the-art terrestrial biosphere models and provide a benchmark for future model development and testing.

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Detecting impacts of extreme events with ecological in situ monitoring networks

Cited by 50 publications

References 67 publications

Forest aging, disturbance and the carbon cycle

Forest aging, disturbance and the carbon cycle

Satellite Observations of the Contrasting Response of Trees and Grasses to Variations in Water Availability

Impacts of droughts and extreme temperature events on gross primary production and ecosystem respiration: a systematic assessment across ecosystems and climate zones

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