The field of gamma-ray astronomy has experienced impressive progress over the last decade. Thanks to the advent of a new generation of imaging air Cherenkov telescopes (H.E.S.S., MAGIC, VERITAS) and thanks to the launch of the Fermi-LAT satellite, several thousand gamma-ray sources are known today, revealing an unexpected ubiquity of particle acceleration processes in the Universe. Major scientific challenges are still ahead, such as the identification of the nature of Dark Matter, the discovery and understanding of the sources of cosmic rays, or the comprehension of the particle acceleration processes that are at work in the various objects. This paper presents some of the instruments and mission concepts that will address these challenges over the next decades.To cite this article: J. Knödlseder, C. R. Physique TBD (2015).
RésuméLe domaine de l'astronomie gamma a connu des progrès impressionnants au cours de la dernière décennie. Grâceà l'avènement d'une nouvelle génération de télescopes Tcherenkov (H.E.S.S., MAGIC, VERITAS) et grâce au lancement du satellite Fermi-LAT, plusieurs milliers de sources de rayons gamma sont connus aujourd'hui, révélant une ubiquité inattendue des processus d'accélération de particules dans l'Univers. Toutefois, des questions scientifiques majeures restent en suspens, telles que l'identification de la nature de la matière sombre, la découverte et la compréhension des sources de rayons cosmiques, ou la compréhension des processus d'accélération de particules qui sontà l'oeuvre dans les différents astres. Cet article présente quelques-uns des instruments et des concepts de mission qui vont relever ces défis au cours des prochaines décennies.Pour citer cet article : J. Knödlseder, C. R. Physique TBD (2015).this horizon is of the size of our Galaxy [1]. Gamma rays interact with the Earth's atmosphere, hence their direct detection from the terrestrial surface is not possible. Gamma rays are thus either observed directly from space using detectors aboard satellites or stratospheric balloons, or indirectly from ground by detecting the electromagnetic cascades that are generated by gamma-ray induced pair production in the Earth atmosphere. Gamma-ray instruments comprise coded-mask telescopes for the low-energy range (e.g. INTEGRAL [2]), Compton telescopes for the medium-energy range (e.g. COMPTEL [3]), pair creation telescopes for the high-energy range (e.g. Fermi [4], AGILE [5]), Cherenkov telescopes for the very-high-energy range (e.g. H.E.S.S. [6], MAGIC [7], VERITAS [8], MILAGRO [9]), and charged particle detectors or integrating non-imaging Cherenkov detectors for the ultrahigh-energy range (e.g. AIROBICC [10]). For a review of these detection techniques, see [11,12] and references therein.Detection of the first celestial gamma-ray sources has been achieved in the late 1950ies in the low-energy domain [13], in the early 1960ies in the medium-energy [14] and high-energy domains [15], and in the late 1980ies in the very-high-energy domain [16]. Since then, improvements in instrumental pe...