Detecting fentanyl using point-of-care drug checking technologies: A validation study

Ti, Lianping; Tobias, Samuel; Lysyshyn, Mark; Laing, Richard; Nosova, Ekaterina; Choi, JinCheol; Arredondo, Jaime; McCrae, Karen; Tupper, Kenneth W.; Wood, Evan

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108006

Cited by 48 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…As illustrated in Figure 8 , the presence of sucrose did not significantly affect the fentanyl measurements above 10 ppb. This is important since current methodologies utilize FTIR measurements, 10 which suffer from low sensitivity for fentanyl and the presence of sucrose complicates the quantification of fentanyl. Here, we have established a procedure that enables the in situ detection of fentanyl in the presence of sucrose.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 8 Other techniques, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, have been used previously and have their limitations in analyzing mixtures. 9 , 10 Liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection has been proven to be effective as most compounds of interest can be oxidized but as with MS are difficult to translate to POU devices. 11 − 13 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry can be used to identify and measure the concentration of opioids in drug samples and in human serum; however, the turnaround time to process a sample in a centralized laboratory is long, and the procedure typically requires expensive equipment and specialized training of technicians; though advances toward portable MS have been published, they are not yet capable of point-of-use (POU) applications, which are needed to advance harm mitigation and drug treatment strategies . Other techniques, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, have been used previously and have their limitations in analyzing mixtures. , Liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection has been proven to be effective as most compounds of interest can be oxidized but as with MS are difficult to translate to POU devices. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Graphene-Oxide-Deposited Carbon Electrode for the Rapid and Low-Level Detection of Fentanyl and Derivatives

et al. 2022

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The opioid overdose crisis in North America worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic, with multiple jurisdictions reporting more deaths per day due to the fentanyl-contaminated drug supply than COVID-19. The rapid quantitative detection of fentanyl in the illicit opioid drug supply or in bodily fluids at biologically relevant concentrations (i.e., <80 nM) remains a significant challenge. Electroanalytical techniques are inexpensive and can be used to rapidly detect fentanyl, but detection limits need to be improved. Herein, we detail the development of an electrochemical-based fentanyl analytical detection strategy that used a glassy carbon electrode modified with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) via electrophoretic deposition. The resulting surface was further electrochemically reduced in the presence of fentanyl to enhance the sensitivity. Multiple ERGO thicknesses were prepared in order to prove the versatility and ability to fine-tune the layer to the desired response. Fentanyl was detected at <10 ppb (<30 nM) with a limit of detection of 2 ppb and a calibration curve that covered 4 orders of concentration (from 1 ppb to 10 ppm). This method was sensitive to fentanyl analogues such as carfentanil. Interference from the presence of 100-fold excess of other opioids (heroin, cocaine) or substances typically found in illicit drug samples (e.g. caffeine and sucrose) was not significant.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Graphene-Oxide-Deposited Carbon Electrode for the Rapid and Low-Level Detection of Fentanyl and Derivatives

et al. 2022

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“…There are POC fentanyl tests available, such as lateral flow assays (LFAs) with detection limits of 10–20 ng mL −1 . 17 However, these assays would yield false-negative results in overdose cases where the fentanyl concentrations are typically in a lower range. 18…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep learning-assisted sensitive detection of fentanyl using a bubbling-microchip

et al. 2022

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“…In recent years, drug-and adulterant-detecting technologies have been developed in such a way that devices are now able to quantify the components of drug specimens, and they are easier to use in the community (21,24,25). Devices such as portable mass spectrometers have the potential to amplify drug testing capabilities and related harm reduction messages and approaches (21,26).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring adulterants in street drugs: Implementation of drug residue testing using portable mass spectrometry in a Northeastern U.S. harm reduction program, 2019-2020

Boulad

Matsumoto

Santelices

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Fatal opioid overdose deaths involving illicitly manufactured fentanyl continue to escalate in the U.S. Drug checking services, as a harm reduction intervention for people who use drugs, has gained support as an effective strategy to reduce fatal overdoses. We examined implementation of drug checking services using portable devices in a syringe services program in the Northeastern U.S. Methods: Trained staff collected trace drug specimens from used paraphernalia provided by participants who requested drug checking services. All the specimens were tested using a portable mass spectrometer and sub-samples were tested for the detection of fentanyl using fentanyl testing strips. We assessed characteristics of participants who used drug checking services, self-reported types of trace specimens of substances that participants reported providing for testing, the actual mass spectrometer test results of these specimens, and agreement of the mass spectrometer and fentanyl testing strips results in detection of fentanyl and fentanyl analogues. Results: Of 155 unique participants who provided demographic information, 59% identified as male and 74.1% as White, with a mean age of 37.7 years. Based on analysis of 396 specimens tested with the portable mass spectrometer, the most common single substance detected was fentanyl (37.7%), without a trace of heroin or other adulterants, followed by methamphetamine (18.2%), and cocaine (13.6%). Fentanyl and fentanyl analogues were detected in specimens provided by participants that were reported as heroin (60.8%), cocaine (11.1%), and methamphetamine (6.7%). We found modest agreement of testing results between the mass spectrometer and fentanyl testing strips. Conclusions: Use of drug checking services within syringe services programs is in its initial test stages. Knowledge about the contents of substances purchased, and conversations between syringe services program participants and staff, have the potential to facilitate informed decisions to decrease overdose risks through engagement in harm reduction strategies. Through analysis of newly implemented drug checking services, we noted participant characteristics and dissonance between participants’ reports of the trace drug specimens submitted for testing and the actual drugs and adulterants detected by mass spectrometer results, which has implications for overdose risk, highlighting opportunities for harm reduction responses.

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Detecting fentanyl using point-of-care drug checking technologies: A validation study

Cited by 48 publications

References 9 publications

Development of a Graphene-Oxide-Deposited Carbon Electrode for the Rapid and Low-Level Detection of Fentanyl and Derivatives

Development of a Graphene-Oxide-Deposited Carbon Electrode for the Rapid and Low-Level Detection of Fentanyl and Derivatives

Deep learning-assisted sensitive detection of fentanyl using a bubbling-microchip

Measuring adulterants in street drugs: Implementation of drug residue testing using portable mass spectrometry in a Northeastern U.S. harm reduction program, 2019-2020

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