Detecting All Possible Ionospheric Precursors by Kernel-Based Two-Dimensional Principal Component Analysis

Lin, Jyh-Woei; Chao, Chia‐Ter

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2912564

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(103 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, the similarities on September 17, 18, and 20, 1999, belong to the second classification of TEC precursors, and other daily images belong to the first classification. Such TEC precursors are TTMPs, which differ from the STMPs in the study of Lin et al (2019a). These results are consistent with those of Liu et al (2001) and Lin (2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Many studies have researched the total electron content (TEC) anomalies associated with large earthquakes (Wang et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2016;Tao et al, 2017;Ho et al, 2018;Lin et al, 2019a;Shah et al, 2019). Wang et al…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ho et al (2018) described seismoionospheric TEC anomalies preceding 49 earthquakes with M w ≥ 6.5 in 2010 in Chile. Lin et al (2019a) predicted TEC precursors constituting spatial TEC multi-precursors (STMPs) prior to the China Ludian earthquake at 08:30:13 UT on August 3, 2014 (M w = 6.1) using Kernel-based two-dimensional principal component analysis through examination of the ionospheric twodimensional TEC variations obtained from the NASA Global Differential Global Positioning System network. Shah et al (2019) detected TEC variations in the ionosphere associated with the M w 7.7 Chile earthquake on November 14, 2007.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research methods used in other studies are overly complicated, sometimes requiring the application of multiple methods and more TEC data to enhance the computing time. TEC variance was easily affected by the space weather (e.g., the planetary k index [kp index]), which should be considered in the evaluation (Lin et al, 2019a). TEC seasonal variations also should be considered (Inyurt and Sekertekin, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detecting Total Electron Content Precursors Before Earthquakes by Examining Total Electron Content Images Based on Butterworth Filter in Convolutional Neural Networks

Lin

Chiou

2020

IEEE Access

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Taiwan Standard Time [TST]) as training images (inputs) were used to create two convolutional neural network (CNN) models. However, splitting the TEC maps of the three time periods into daily TEC images caused wedge effects. The wedge effects were reduced using a low-pass filter called the Butterworth filter. This resulted in clearer TEC precursors for earthquakes, facilitating the identification of earthquakes of magnitude M w ≥ 5.0 that exhibited associated TEC precursors during three periods, particularly for the Chi-Chi earthquake of September 21, 1999. The results of this study were compared with those of Lin et al. (2001) and Lin (2010) associated with the Chi-Chi earthquake. Simultaneously, two CNN models that were developed were verified to be rational due to the high accuracy of their predictions. These two models were used to verify each other's accuracies and to demonstrate the reliability of the method in this study. Therefore, statistical analysis was not the aim. The final outputs of the two CNN model were defined as similarities. Similarities, which are larger than 0.5, were defined as TEC precursors of earthquakes. TEC precursors described as temporal TEC multi-precursors (TTMPs) by Zoran et al. (2018) were detectable on the 1st, 3rd, and 4th days (that is, on September 17, 18, and 20, 1999, respectively) prior to the Chi-Chi earthquake of September 21, 1999. These results are consistent with those of Liu et al. (2001) and Lin (2010). A TEC precursor on May 13, 2003, (TST) was detectable 2 days prior to the earthquake on May 15, 2003, (TST) with the magnitude (M w) of 5.52. The low standard deviation (STD) and mean square error (MSE) confirm the reliability of both CNN models. Regarding mechanical principles, the TTMPs related to the Chi-Chi earthquake were caused by an electric field (Liu et al., 2001). The cause of the TEC precursor on May 13, 2003, prior to the earthquake on May 15, 2003, was an argument without any corresponding study for comparison.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%