Detecting Air−Water and Surface−Deep Water Gradients of PCBs Using Polyethylene Passive Samplers

Morgan, Eric J.; Lohmann, Rainer

doi:10.1021/es800518g

Cited by 49 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Among these transport pathways, only molecular diffusion mainly involves the freely dissolved chemicals and is a direct reflection of the chemical fugacity difference between the two phases. 7,8 In this regard, the direction and magnitude of diffusion fluxes across the sediment−water interface are vital parameters for discerning whether a sediment acts as a source or sink of chemicals.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Passive Sampling Device for Measuring Sediment–Water Diffusion Fluxes of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals

Liu

Bao

Zhang

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Molecular diffusion across the sediment−water interface, as one of the key geochemical processes, dictates whether a sediment is a source or sink of chemicals, providing useful data in designing remedial actions. Despite ample previous efforts in quantifying sediment−water diffusion fluxes, the resulting methods are largely unsatisfactory. Herein, we introduce a novel passive sampling device capable of measuring vertical profiles of chemical concentrations near the sediment−water interface, from which diffusion fluxes can be calculated based on a model that we developed. In laboratory testing, diffusion fluxes (0.032−310 ng m −2 d −1 ) of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites obtained from the present sampling device were consistent with those (0.38− 610 ng m −2 d −1 ) determined by using a conventional active sampling method, solid-phase extraction/liquid−liquid extraction. Field deployment of the sampling device yielded individual diffusion fluxes of p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDMU, o,p′-DDMU, p,p′-DDNU, and p,p′-DBP in the range of 5.9−150 ng m −2 d −1 , which were comparable to those (5.5−85 ng m −2 d −1 ) obtained with a benthic chamber. Moreover, diffusion fluxes of p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT obtained with the sampling device were negative; i.e., the sediment is acting as a sink for these chemicals, while that could not be found using the benthic chamber. Thus, the passive sampling device can provide better information about the movement of chemicals through the sediment and overlying water for the choice of remedial strategies.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Passive Sampling Device for Measuring Sediment–Water Diffusion Fluxes of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals

Liu

Bao

Zhang

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…This may be why Morgan et al [8] did not detect higher than normal concentrations of PCBs in bottom water after two spring-tide events, which presumably would have caused the release of large amounts of PCBs from sediment to overlying water.…”

Section: Hydrodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Morgan et al [8] observed a higher concentration ratio for PCBs between bottom and surface water of Narragansett Bay in July and August, while the gradient gradually decreased or even reversed after August, suggesting more outflows of PCBs from sediment in the warmer season. Also, diffusion coefficients that may depend on temperature can be corrected by…”

Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a superior passive sampling material for determination of freely-dissolved chemical concentrations. It was employed in measurement of PCBs, PAHs, and HCB in sediment porewater and overlying water in Delfzijl Harbor [15] and PCBs in Narragansett Bay [8]. …”

Section: Two-point Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these processes, molecular diffusion is generally the slowest, but it is active all year round, whereas other processes are sporadic and short lived. In addition, molecular diffusion is driven by the difference in freely-dissolved concentrations of a target chemical between sediment porewater and overlying water [8,9], which can be clearly defined and quantitatively characterized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent advances in the field measurement of the diffusion flux of hydrophobic organic chemicals at the sediment-water interface

Liu

Bao

Zeng

2014

TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry

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Fate of polychlorinated biphenyls in a contaminated lake ecosystem: Combining equilibrium passive sampling of sediment and water with total concentration measurements of biota

Mäenpää

Leppänen

Figueiredo

et al. 2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Equilibrium sampling devices can be applied to study and monitor the exposure and fate of hydrophobic organic chemicals on a thermodynamic basis. They can be used to determine freely dissolved concentrations and chemical activity ratios and to predict equilibrium partitioning concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in biota lipids. The authors' aim was to assess the equilibrium status of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a contaminated lake ecosystem and along its discharge course using equilibrium sampling devices for measurements in sediment and water and by also analyzing biota. The authors used equilibrium sampling devices (silicone rubber and polyethylene [PE]) to determine freely dissolved concentrations and chemical activities of PCBs in the water column and sediment porewater and calculated for both phases the corresponding equilibrium concentrations and chemical activities in model lipids. Overall, the studied ecosystem appeared to be in disequilibrium for the studied phases: sediment, water, and biota. Chemical activities of PCBs were higher in sediment than in water, which implies that the sediment functioned as a partitioning source of PCBs and that net diffusion occurred from the sediment to the water column. Measured lipid‐normalized PCB concentrations in biota were generally below equilibrium lipid concentrations relative to the sediment (CLip⇌Sed) or water (CLip⇌W), indicating that PCB levels in the organisms were below the maximum partitioning levels. The present study shows the application versatility of equilibrium sampling devices in the field and facilitates a thermodynamic understanding of exposure and fate of PCBs in a contaminated lake and its discharge course. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2463–2474. © 2015 SETAC

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Detecting Air−Water and Surface−Deep Water Gradients of PCBs Using Polyethylene Passive Samplers

Cited by 49 publications

References 28 publications

Novel Passive Sampling Device for Measuring Sediment–Water Diffusion Fluxes of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals

Novel Passive Sampling Device for Measuring Sediment–Water Diffusion Fluxes of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals

Recent advances in the field measurement of the diffusion flux of hydrophobic organic chemicals at the sediment-water interface

Fate of polychlorinated biphenyls in a contaminated lake ecosystem: Combining equilibrium passive sampling of sediment and water with total concentration measurements of biota

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