“…Research on the C-UAV domain is now focused on active defense against the UAV. There is work on lethal or nonlethal elimination by UAVs [19,44], but this research is still in progress. This topic has been discussed and researched intensively [45,46,47,48].…”
Section: Discussion and Future Directionsmentioning
The fight against unmanned vehicles is nothing new; however, especially with the arrival of new technologies that are easily accessible for the wider population, new problems are arising. The deployment of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by paramilitary organizations during conflicts around the world has become a reality, non-lethal “paparazzi” actions have become a common practice, and it is only a matter of time until the population faces lethal attacks. The basic prerequisite for direct defense against attacking UAVs is their detection. The authors of this paper analysed the possibility of detecting flying aircraft in several different electro-magnetic spectrum bands. Firstly, methods based on calculations and simulations were chosen, and experiments in laboratories and measurements of the exterior were subsequently performed. As a result, values of the radar cross section (RCS), the noise level, the surface temperature, and optical as well as acoustic traces of tested devices were quantified. The outputs obtained from calculated, simulated, and experimentally detected values were found via UAV detection distances using specific sensors working in corresponding parts of the frequency spectrum.
“…Research on the C-UAV domain is now focused on active defense against the UAV. There is work on lethal or nonlethal elimination by UAVs [19,44], but this research is still in progress. This topic has been discussed and researched intensively [45,46,47,48].…”
Section: Discussion and Future Directionsmentioning
The fight against unmanned vehicles is nothing new; however, especially with the arrival of new technologies that are easily accessible for the wider population, new problems are arising. The deployment of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by paramilitary organizations during conflicts around the world has become a reality, non-lethal “paparazzi” actions have become a common practice, and it is only a matter of time until the population faces lethal attacks. The basic prerequisite for direct defense against attacking UAVs is their detection. The authors of this paper analysed the possibility of detecting flying aircraft in several different electro-magnetic spectrum bands. Firstly, methods based on calculations and simulations were chosen, and experiments in laboratories and measurements of the exterior were subsequently performed. As a result, values of the radar cross section (RCS), the noise level, the surface temperature, and optical as well as acoustic traces of tested devices were quantified. The outputs obtained from calculated, simulated, and experimentally detected values were found via UAV detection distances using specific sensors working in corresponding parts of the frequency spectrum.
“…In the field of military technology, as well as in the application segment of scientific research, several issues are still waiting to be resolved. The author's department is attempting to address some of them (within their capabilities 39 ) both analytically and through technical experiments. The subsequent synthesis offers the output for the operational use of the ground based air defence.…”
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are massively seeping into a wide range of human activities. Along with other remotely controlled or automatic devices, they have entered many aspects of human activities and industry. While the majority of researchers have been working on the construction, deployment and non-military use of UAVs, the protection against UAVs remained on the edge of their interest. Nowadays, the situation is rapidly changing. The risk of misuse of UAVs by criminals, guerrillas or terrorists has compelled authorities, scientists and defence industry to face this threat. Organisations have launched crucial infrastructure defence programs to cope with UAV threat. To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop disciplines improving the air space surveillance and UAVs elimination techniques. The substantial aspects of the UAVs detection and elimination were analysed, being supported by a number of conferences, workshops and journals articles. The contribution of the study in the Counter–UAV area consists particularly in generalisation and evaluation of the main technical issues. The aim of this paper is to emphasise the importance of developing new scientific fields for countering UAVs, and hence it is directed firstly on the scientific audience.
“…Other challenges in UAV enabled future wireless networks include e.g. detection and jamming of unauthorized UAVs [106][107][108], command and control of inter-connected UAVs [109,110], and battery or power constraint of the UAVs [111,112].…”
The increased utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the commercial market and military on account of their agility, nonpiloted and easy manoeuvering leads their applications in the telecommunication sector as well. It is expected that UAVs will play a vital role in 5G and Beyond 5G (B5G) networks as flying base stations (BSs) and/or relays. Recently, they are also proposed to assist the existing terrestrial communication infrastructure in forthcoming 5G/B5G to provide improved wireless network coverage particularly to the areas difficult to reach, the scenarios demanding high data rate and low latency on emergency needs, transceiving sensors data from field to the ground servers and providing wireless network coverage in a disaster where existing terrestrial communication infrastructure gets partially/severely damaged. However, it is of an utmost challenge to model the radio propagation channel from a UAV (low altitude platforms) to existing terrestrial BSs, the receiver on ground and with other flying UAVs in a network. This paper provides a survey of both measurement and simulation based radio propagation channel modelling investigations for a low altitude UAV enabled wireless network. Furthermore, the potential open research gaps and use cases are highlighted which will be key to define the role of UAVs in future wireless networks for various applications.
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