Detailed Thermal, Fire, and Mechanical Study of Silicon-Modified Epoxy Resin Containing Humic Acid and Other Additives

Venezia, Virginia; Matta, Samuele; Lehner, Sandro; Vitiello, Giuseppe; Costantini, A.; Gaan, Sabyasachi; Malucelli, Giulio; Branda, F.; Luciani, Giuseppina; Bifulco, Aurelio

doi:10.1021/acsapm.1c01240

Cited by 36 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Traditional methodologies are based on the exploitation of halogen-based compounds to improve the fire behavior, although these species are responsible for the release of toxic gases, especially during the disposal of composites. In this context, Venezia et al [55] investigated the use of humic acid (HA) as a biowaste flame retardant in epoxy resins. Among the bio-wastes, HA is one of the most interesting being explored as a flame retardant.…”

Section: Sol-gel Chemistry and Biowaste Materials For The Development...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retarded polymer systems based on the sol-gel approach: recent advances and future perspectives

Bifulco

Imparato

Aronne

et al. 2022

J Sol-Gel Sci Technol

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The ease of flammability of polymers represents a key issue that limits their applications in different advanced sectors. In this context, a reliable and effective solution regards the use of flame retardants, i.e., additives that are able to slow down (or even stop) the flame propagation and to enhance the resistance to an irradiative heat flux. Among the different flame retardants designed, synthesized, and applied up-to-now, the utilization of inorganic particles, inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic coatings has gathered a great interest from either the academic and industrial community, as these structures can provide remarkable flame retardant features to different polymer systems, in which they are embedded or applied onto. In particular, the in situ generation (through sol-gel processes, i.e. hydrolysis and condensation reactions from tailored alkoxide precursors) of ceramic phases, either in the form of particles or as surface coatings, has clearly demonstrated its effectiveness in creating a physical barrier that limits the degradation of the polymer when subjected to the application of a flame or an irradiative heat flux. It also lowers the heat and mass transfer from the degrading polymer to the surroundings and vice versa, hence providing an overall enhancement of heat and fire resistance. This review work seeks to provide an up-to-date overview of the most recent advances in the use of sol-gel methods for conferring flame retardant features to bulk polymers, cellulosic textiles (cotton), and polymer foams. In addition, the current limitations and the potential progresses of these approaches are discussed.

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Section: Sol-gel Chemistry and Biowaste Materials For The Development...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retarded polymer systems based on the sol-gel approach: recent advances and future perspectives

Bifulco

Imparato

Aronne

et al. 2022

J Sol-Gel Sci Technol

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“…There are no cavity and agglomeration at the cross section of EP/PPSA, which implies that PPSA has good compatibility with EP and better interaction and interfacial bonding. 78 The wrinkled structures of EP/PPSA under impact are marked by the yellow arrow in Figure 12b-e, which can make crack path deflected. 79 The wrinkled structures emerge from the absorption of energy and further facilitate the diffusion of energy throughout the polymer matrix, which thus improves the toughness of EP/PPSA.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne): Widening the application potential in epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy, mechanical property, and unimpaired thermal stability

Chen

Zheng

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Aimed at promoting the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP) and widening its applications, a novel flame retardant, poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne) (PPSA), is synthesized from poly(silicon‐alkyne) and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phenanthroline‐10‐oxide (DOPO) to modify EP. The structure of PPSA is characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The PPSA introduction into EP significantly improves its chemical and physical properties. When containing 2.5–10 phr of PPSA, the modified EP achieve better flame resistance capability than neat EP. In particular, EP/PPSA‐5.0 reaches a limiting oxygen index value of 31.2% and passes vertical burning test (UL‐94) V‐0 rating at the same time. The total heat release and total smoke production are lowered by 31.1% and 24.9%, respectively. In addition, the initial decomposition temperature (T5%) of the modified EP is basically unchanged thanks to good stability of PPSA. Characterization of char residues generated in the combustion of EP/PPSA reveals that PPSA protects the EP from fire by diluting flammable gas with phosphorus free radicals and forming compact thermal stable layer containing silicon and phosphorus. Subsequently, measurements of mechanical properties show that impact strength and flexural strength are markedly improved by PPSA incorporation. Therefore, PPSA modifies EP to obtain excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties, justifying an outstanding flame retardant with comprehensive properties.

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“…The effect of its addition alone and in combination with urea and ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal, fire, and mechanical performances of a bisphenol A diglycidyl ether-based epoxy resin modified with (3-Aminopropyl)-Triethoxysilane and cured with aliphatic isophoronediamine has been investigated. The evolved gas, thermal, and fire analysis were used to propose the combined mode of action of humic acid, urea, ammonium polyphosphate, and silicon in the fire performance improvement of the hybrid epoxy system [ 91 ].…”

Section: Applications To Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-Line Thermally Induced Evolved Gas Analysis: An Update—Part 1: EGA-MS

et al. 2022

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Advances in on-line thermally induced evolved gas analysis (OLTI-EGA) have been systematically reported by our group to update their applications in several different fields and to provide useful starting references. The importance of an accurate interpretation of the thermally-induced reaction mechanism which involves the formation of gaseous species is necessary to obtain the characterization of the evolved products. In this review, applications of Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA) performed by on-line coupling heating devices to mass spectrometry (EGA-MS), are reported. Reported references clearly demonstrate that the characterization of the nature of volatile products released by a substance subjected to a controlled temperature program allows us to prove a supposed reaction or composition, either under isothermal or under heating conditions. Selected 2019, 2020, and 2021 references are collected and briefly described in this review.

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Detailed Thermal, Fire, and Mechanical Study of Silicon-Modified Epoxy Resin Containing Humic Acid and Other Additives

Cited by 36 publications

References 71 publications

Flame retarded polymer systems based on the sol-gel approach: recent advances and future perspectives

Flame retarded polymer systems based on the sol-gel approach: recent advances and future perspectives

Poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne): Widening the application potential in epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy, mechanical property, and unimpaired thermal stability

On-Line Thermally Induced Evolved Gas Analysis: An Update—Part 1: EGA-MS

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