“…The manual transmission (MT) modelling considers both single-stage and double-stage layouts, components size and geometry are established depending on transmission type, maximum torque, number of gears and ratios. Energy losses in MT are defined by quite standard formulations, as for ICE, many studies and research activities have already provided enough accurate estimation of dissipative contributions among almost all gearbox components (Pelchen, 2002;Heingartner and Mba, 2003;Gronitzki, 2006;Höhn et al, 2007Höhn et al, , 2009Schlegel et al, 2009;Stahl and Michaelis, 2012;Kolekar, 2013;Gorla et al, 2014;Organisciak et al, 2015;Stahl and Sonawane, 2015). Losses for MT can be therefore obtained as where Z, L, SS, R and S are respectively gears, bearings, shaft seals and synchronisers losses and P and O refer to load-dependent and load-independent contributions.…”