Detailed investigation of the reinforcing effect of halloysite nanotubes-filled epoxidized natural rubber

Hayeemasae, Nabil; Waesateh, Kamaruddin; Saiwari, Sitisaiyidah; Ismail, Hanafi; Othman, Nadras

doi:10.1007/s00289-020-03461-4

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…NR was modified into an Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) and was further used as a matrix to assure HNT–rubber compatibility. This solution is well reported in terms of performance [ 8 ]. However, it was still unsatisfactory, and the characteristics of HNT themselves could be to blame; in particular, the interfacial filler–matrix adhesion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The total reaction time was fixed to obtain ENR with 20 mol% epoxide. The epoxide level was characterized as stated in our previous report [ 8 ]. The resulting ENR was coagulated with methanol and then washed with water.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ENR with 20 mol% epoxide (ENR 20) was compounded with 5 phr of HNT (e.g., untreated or acid-treated HNT depending on the formulation) and the other ingredients except for the curatives (CBS and sulfur) in a Brabender plasticorder (Brabender GmbH & Co. KG, Duisburg, Germany). The fixed amounts of mol% epoxide and HNT were chosen based on the optimum properties obtained from our previous reports [ 8 , 21 ]. The initial mixing temperature was set at 50 °C with a rotor speed of 60 rpm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selectively Etched Halloysite Nanotubes as Performance Booster of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites

et al. 2021

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Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) are chemically similar to clay, which makes them incompatible with non-polar rubbers such as natural rubber (NR). Modification of NR into a polar rubber is of interest. In this work, Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) was prepared in order to obtain a composite that could assure filler–matrix compatibility. However, the performance of this composite was still not satisfactory, so an alternative to the basic HNT filler was pursued. The surface area of HNT was further increased by etching with acid; the specific surface increased with treatment time. The FTIR spectra confirmed selective etching on the Al–OH surface of HNT with reduction in peak intensity in the regions 3750–3600 cm−1 and 825–725 cm−1, indicating decrease in Al–OH structures. The use of acid-treated HNT improved modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the filled composites. This was attributed to the filler–matrix interactions of acid-treated HNT with ENR. Further evidence was found from the Payne effect being reduced to 44.2% through acid treatment of the filler. As for the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in the composites, the stress–strain curves correlated well with the degree of crystallinity observed from synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selectively Etched Halloysite Nanotubes as Performance Booster of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites

et al. 2021

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“…As such, modified rubber has recently been used as a matrix in rubber/HNT composites. Hayeemasae et al 4 discovered very interesting mechanical properties when epoxidized natural rubber was prepared as a matrix and filled with HNT. Paran et al 5 also proposed the method to improve the properties of HNT composite by grafting HNT onto carboxylated nitrile rubber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NR was first modified into an epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and further applied as a matrix to ensure HNT-rubber compatibility. Although the performance of this solution is well reported 4,6 , it was still unsatisfactory as HNT characteristics could themselves be to blame; particularly the interfacial filler-matrix adhesion. This includes the use of silane coupling agents 7 , modifying the compounding methods 8 , and using compatibilizers 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into Mechanical Properties and Strain-induced Crystallisation of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Filled with Various Silanized Halloysite Nanotubes

Masa

Hayeemasae

2022

Mat. Res.

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Natural rubber (NR) and halloysite nanotube (HNT) composites are known to perform poorly due to polarity differences between the two components. As such, many extant studies have attempted to increase their compatibility. Therefore, this study introduced epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) together with silane coupling agents into the composite to ensure rubber-filler interactions. Four different silanes namely bis-[(triethoxysilyl)propyl] disulphide (TESPD), bis[(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPT), triethoxyvinylsilane (VTEO), and 3-mercaptopropyl-di(tridecan-1-oxy-13-penta(ethyleneoxide)) ethoxysilane (VPSi-363) were used. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the composite confirmed the formation of hydrogen bonds between the silane as the peak of Si-O shifted to higher wavenumbers; i.e., 1080 cm -1 to 1042 cm -1 . Silane was also found to improve the tensile strength, modulus and tear strength regardless of functionality. This was further supported by the findings of the Payne effect. As for strain-induced crystallisation (SIC), the stress-strain curves agreed well with the development of crystallinity observed during synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis.

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Enhancing self‐healing efficiency of natural rubber composites using halloysite nanotubes

Rehman,

Ismail,

Sani

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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This study aimed to explore the reinforcement effect of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) in self‐healing natural rubber based on metal thiolate ion networks. The amount of HNTs was varied at five levels (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 phr) in order to assess the optimum amount of filler for self‐healing efficiency and mechanical recovery performance. Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) provides evidence for the reversible ionic bonding, facilitated by Zn2+ and S− bonding from the metal thiolate vulcanization with rubber molecular chains. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the NR/HNTs composites with lower filler loading exhibited better recovery, as there were no observable gaps between the cut surfaces of the samples. The results also revealed that addition of HNTs resulted in a significant improvement in the mechanical performance, particularly the tensile strength, which increased by approximately 20%–75%. Furthermore, the extent of healing after the broken pieces were brought in contact with each other varied from 87% to 98%, depending on HNT concentration.Highlights Fabrication of self‐healing elastomers based on natural rubber. Self‐healing NR presented enhanced mechanical performance with addition of HNTs. HNTs lumen endows the composites with excellent self‐healing efficiency. Developed NR/HNTs composite exhibited room temperature self‐healing properties. Reversible ionic bonding expedited by Zn2+ contributes in excellent self‐healing.

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Detailed investigation of the reinforcing effect of halloysite nanotubes-filled epoxidized natural rubber

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

Selectively Etched Halloysite Nanotubes as Performance Booster of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites

Selectively Etched Halloysite Nanotubes as Performance Booster of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites

Insight into Mechanical Properties and Strain-induced Crystallisation of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Filled with Various Silanized Halloysite Nanotubes

Enhancing self‐healing efficiency of natural rubber composites using halloysite nanotubes

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