Detailed in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy of single crystal planes of gold(111) in aqueous solutions

Structure of Au(111) and Au(100) Single-Crystal Electrode Surfaces at Various Potentials in Sulfuric Acid Solution Determined by In Situ Surface X-ray Scattering

“…2.3 Å. This value was slightly different from the value (1.5 Å) obtained by STM 18 but closely matched the calculated value (2.14 Å) when the oxygen atom was adsorbed at the atop site of the Au substrate. Because STM data did not show the real geometric height but contained electronic information, the geometric height obtained by SXS measurements should be more accurate.…”

“…The surface structures of the singlecrystal gold electrodes in electrolyte solutions have been investigated using various techniques, including conventional electrochemical methods, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and several optical techniques, [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] and were found to be strongly dependent on the potentials. It is well-known that the potential-induced reversible lifting and restoration of surface reconstruction (i.e., ( 3 × 23) for Au(111) and hexagonal closed-packing for Au(100) surfaces) take place around +0.35 V vs Ag/AgCl in a sulfuric acid solution.…”

“…It is well-known that the potential-induced reversible lifting and restoration of surface reconstruction (i.e., ( 3 × 23) for Au(111) and hexagonal closed-packing for Au(100) surfaces) take place around +0.35 V vs Ag/AgCl in a sulfuric acid solution. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] STM investigation of these surfaces in atomic resolution showed that the phase transitions from reconstructed phase to (1 × 1) arrangement are accompanied with the adsorption of anions such as sulfate, chloride, bromide, and iodide, and when the potential is made more positive, the adsorbed anions form ordered phases. 7,8,11,20,21 It has been suggested that when the potential is made further positive, oxidation takes place initially with the adsorption of OH -(reaction 1), followed by a turnover process, which leads to the formation of a two-atom thick oxide layer (reaction 2).…”

Nanoscale structural changes upon electro-oxidation of Au(111) as probed by potentiodynamic scanning tunneling microscopy

“…These reports chiefly involve STM imaging at a series of fixed potentials, either before and after voltammetric formation and removal of oxide layers [2,5], or additionally at suitably high electrode potentials so that surface oxide is present [3,4,6,7]. Evident are several characteristic oxide-induced changes in surface morphology, including the formation of monolayer "pits" and related metal corrosion, disordering, and roughening.…”

Highly Oriented Gold Electrode with Optical Transparency Fabricated by Template-stripped Technique

“…1 Combined with electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), the properties of not only a well-ordered, but also atomically flat electrode surface are being elucidated at the molecular level, which contains even adsorption/desorption phenomena of electrolytic ions. 2,3 Single-crystal metal electrodes are also employed in measurements with an ultramicroelectrode, and with a vibrational spectroscopy combined with an external reflection mode. [4][5][6] Alternative spectroelectrochemical measurements utilize an optically transparent electrode, and a thin-layer transmission cell utilizes the UV/visible region.…”