Detailed in vitro analyses of the impact of multimodal cancer therapy with hyperthermia and radiotherapy on the immune phenotype of human glioblastoma cells

Combination Therapy of Radiation and Hyperthermia, Focusing on the Synergistic Anti-Cancer Effects and Research Trends

“…ICMs include immunostimulatory ICMs (CD137-L, Ox40-L, CD27-L, and ICOS-L) and immunosuppressive ICMs (PD-L1, PD-L2, and HVEM). The combination of RT and HT can enhance the expression of ICMs and the production of immune cells that are capable of targeting cancer cells [ 101 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ]. The interaction between RT with HT and ICMs is complicated; thus, new research has been conducted from 2020 to the present that looks at altering the time, sequence, cell line, and frequency [ 104 , 105 ].…”

“…Checkpoint inhibitors bind to ICMs to prevent cancer cells from evading the immune system, thereby allowing the immune system to recognize and eliminate them [ 100 ]. HT enhances ICMs expression, thereby making cancer cells more accessible to the immune system and more susceptible to immune attack [ 101 ]. Radiation treatment can damage the DNA of cancer cells, prompting them to produce more molecules that bind to ICMs and activate the immune system [ 102 ].…”

“…Stoll et al showed the effect of RT, HT, and the combination of the two (RHT) on cell death mechanisms, the expression of ICM, and the release of the danger signal HSP70 in two human glioblastoma cell lines (U87 and U251) [ 101 ]. Particularly in U251 cells, combination therapy induced a significant increase in both apoptosis and necrosis.…”