Desulfurization of Gasoline Fuel via Photocatalytic Oxidation/Adsorption Using NaX Zeolite-Based under Mild Conditions: Process Optimization by Central Composite Design

Fazaeli, Reza; Fard, Narges Elmi

doi:10.1134/s1070427220070058

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In addition, the researchers also studied the strong sulfide adsorption capacity of NaX and NaY zeolite. [109,110] According to the experimental results, the desulfurization conversion of Ni/ TiO 2 /NaX nano-zeolite particles was found to be as high as 92.29 %. Acting as photocatalyst carriers, their large surface area is favorable to disperse the photocatalyst powder, providing more reactive active sites, and inhibiting the photocatalyst aggregation phenomenon, which is a good choice for future researchers to design functional photocatalyst.…”

Section: Structure Modificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Desulfurization through Photocatalytic Oxidation: A Critical Review

et al. 2020

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Fuel oil, the most important strategic resource, has been widely used in industrial applications. However, the sulfur‐containing compounds in fuel oil also present humanity with huge environmental issues and health concerns due to the hazardous combustion waste. To address this problem, the low vulcanization of fuel production technology has been intensively explored. Compared with traditional hydrodesulfurization technology, the newly emerged photocatalytic desulfurization has the advantages of milder operating conditions, lower energy consumption, and higher efficiency, holding great prospect to achieve deep desulfurization. Though great efforts have been made, the desulfurization catalysts still suffer from inferior light absorption, fast recombination of photocarriers, and poor structure modification. This Review summarizes recent development of photocatalytic desulfurization, including the desulfurization principle, current desulfurization challenges, and corresponding solutions. Particularly, the roles of defect engineering, hybrid coupling, and structure modifications in the enhancement of photocatalytic performance are emphasized. In addition, the photocatalytic desulfurization mechanism is also introduced with the .OH and .O2− radicals as main active species. Finally, some perspectives on the photocatalytic desulfurization are provided, which can further optimize the desulfurization efficiency and guide future photocatalyst design.

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Section: Structure Modificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the researchers also studied the strong sulfide adsorption capacity of NaX and NaY zeolite [109,110] . According to the experimental results, the desulfurization conversion of Ni/TiO 2 /NaX nano‐zeolite particles was found to be as high as 92.29 %.…”

Section: Solutions To Podsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desulfurization through Photocatalytic Oxidation: A Critical Review

et al. 2020

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“…Where D denotes the mean of the crystalline dimension, k is the crystal constant (the X-ray wavelength corresponding to CuKα) [73] which is 0.89, θ represents the Bragg angle, λ is the wavelength of X, and β=FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) with radian unit for XRD desired peaks. The other method for obtaining the crystallinity size is the Williamson-Hall Eq.…”

Section: = K λ / β Cos θ (2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

INVESTIGATION OF “MCM-22”, “ZSM-12 & 35 COMPOSITE”, and “ZEOLITE AL-MORDENITE & ZSM-39 COMPOSITE” CRYSTALS BY ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES

Kamani

Rahmati

Vandani

et al. 2021

J. Chil. Chem. Soc.

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Zeolites are three-dimensional, microporous, crystalline solids with well-defined structures that contain aluminum, silicon, and oxygen in their form. Cations and water are located in the pores of zeolites. They have a framework structure, in which interconnected cavities are occupied by large metal cations (positively charged ions), and water molecules. The formation of specific zeolites can occur by more than one crystallization pathway. Control in the crystallization pathway can lead to the formation of different species. In this study, two new zeolite nanocomposites were synthesized using fixed raw materials including solvent, reagent (which acts as a template in the formation of zeolite morphology), silica source, and sodium hydroxide alkali. "MCM-22" mesoporous was first synthesized and then a new morphology of "MCM-22" was synthesized by changing the temperature, time, and amount of water. Also, two nanocomposites "ZSM-12 & 35 Composite" and "Zeolite Al-mordenite & ZSM-39 Composite" were synthesized with very different properties in terms of surface to volume ratio, acidity, specific surface area, ratio of Si to Al, and three-dimensional crystal structure. Various characterization techniques were used to provide information to better understand the structural properties of crystalline zeolites. They were then characterized, and analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Mapping, and BET/BJH (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH)) techniques. The results showed that the synthetic zeolites, despite having the same precursors, differed in terms of surface to volume ratio, acidity, specific surface area, Si/Al ratio, and three-dimensional crystal structure.

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“…The purpose of design of experiments (DOE) method is to obtain reliable and appropriate results based on a limited number of observations. From the design and analysis tools of the experiments, in the design of experiments, methods such as the complete factorial method, the Latin square method, are used in the field of analysis of variance tests and its derivatives, and regression analysis is one of the most important tools [25][26][27][28]. In this research, the Design Expert Software (Version 11.0.3) was used for designing the experiments, and the RSM procedure was employed for determining the role of some influential parameters, four crucial factors, including pH, Cu(wt %), IND concentration (mg/L), and the mass of composite (g), were considered.…”

Section: Design Of Experiments (Doe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cu(II)/Z4A as an Efficient Nanocomposite for Oxidative Degradation of Indole and Optimization of Effective Factors via RSM Procedure

et al. 2021

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One of the aromatic contaminants in the oil and fuel is indole, which is toxic even at low doses and is considered as air and water pollutant. In this research, the surface of Zeolite 4A (Z4A) was modified by Cu(II)nanoparticles to introduce a desirable nanocomposite (Cu(II)/Z4A) for indole oxidative degradation. The catalysts characterization was carried out by XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR, and BET/BJH techniques. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed for studying several effective factors influences in indole oxidation process, including pH, weight percentage of loaded copper (Cu(wt %)), mass of composite, and indole initial concentration (IND concentration). The obtained results by BBD revealed the solution pH was the most pivotal factor in indole oxidative degradation and predicted that under the optimum experimental conditions, the efficiency should be 98.91%. Moreover, GC-mass analysis was applied for evaluating side products, of which results led to some mechanisms and new productions to be found by using indole oxidative degradation. The results also demonstrated that due to indole oxidation and applying the proper solvent (ethanol), some side products were generated capable of acting as a fuel octane number enhancer, which may play a significant role in obtaining more valuable fuels.

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Desulfurization of Gasoline Fuel via Photocatalytic Oxidation/Adsorption Using NaX Zeolite-Based under Mild Conditions: Process Optimization by Central Composite Design

Cited by 15 publications

References 47 publications

Desulfurization through Photocatalytic Oxidation: A Critical Review

Desulfurization through Photocatalytic Oxidation: A Critical Review

INVESTIGATION OF “MCM-22”, “ZSM-12 & 35 COMPOSITE”, and “ZEOLITE AL-MORDENITE & ZSM-39 COMPOSITE” CRYSTALS BY ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES

Cu(II)/Z4A as an Efficient Nanocomposite for Oxidative Degradation of Indole and Optimization of Effective Factors via RSM Procedure

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Desulfurization of Gasoline Fuel via Photocatalytic Oxidation/Adsorption Using NaX Zeolite-Based under Mild Conditions: Process Optimization by Central Composite Design

Cited by 15 publications

References 47 publications

Desulfurization through Photocatalytic Oxidation: A Critical Review

Desulfurization through Photocatalytic Oxidation: A Critical Review

INVESTIGATION OF &#8220;MCM-22&#8221;, &#8220;ZSM-12 &amp; 35 COMPOSITE&#8221;, and &#8220;ZEOLITE AL-MORDENITE &amp; ZSM-39 COMPOSITE&#8221; CRYSTALS BY ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES

Cu(II)/Z4A as an Efficient Nanocomposite for Oxidative Degradation of Indole and Optimization of Effective Factors via RSM Procedure

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INVESTIGATION OF “MCM-22”, “ZSM-12 & 35 COMPOSITE”, and “ZEOLITE AL-MORDENITE & ZSM-39 COMPOSITE” CRYSTALS BY ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES