“…The research focus on residents’ perceptions began in developed countries of the West, and fewer studies have examined the Middle East and North Africa region in relation to tourism development (Hammad, Ahmad, and Papastathopoulos 2017). So, as no single set of factors exists that can determine destination competitiveness and can be applied to all the destinations (Abreu Novais, Ruhanen, and Arcodia 2018), and given that the major factors contributing to competitiveness differ for various types of economies and their levels of development (Porter, Sachs, and McArthur 2001), the need to explore these factors is imperative, more so in new and emerging tourist destinations (Reisinger, Michael, and Hayes 2019). Liao, Lin, and Hsieh (2019) suggest that future research could reveal more relevant factors that exert an influence on indigenous tourism satisfaction, so as to enrich the studies on indigenous tourism development from the perspective of residents.…”