Desire to Drink Alcohol is Enhanced with High Caffeine Energy Drink Mixers

Marczinski, Cécile A.; Fillmore, Mark T.; Stamates, Amy L.; Maloney, Sarah F.

doi:10.1111/acer.13152

Cited by 38 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Contrary to what may be expected given the association between caffeine and alcohol use and increased alcohol consumption (e.g., O’Brien et al 2008; Pennay et al 2015; Thombs et al 2010; Thombs et al 2011; Verster et al 2015) or increased desire for alcohol (Heinz et al 2013; Marczinski et al 2013; Marczinski et al 2016; McKetin and Coen, 2014), in the present study, added caffeine did not affect the number of self-administered drinks. There may be several explanations for this result.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Although caffeine enhances the desire to drink alcohol in human laboratory studies (Heinz et al 2013; Marczinski et al. 2013; Marczinski et al 2016; McKetin and Coen, 2014), no prospective experimental studies have directly examined the effect of caffeine on human alcohol self-administration (i.e., how much alcohol one chooses to drink). Therefore, this study was designed to test the hypothesis that caffeine increases alcohol self-administration and subjective reinforcing effects in healthy adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of caffeine on alcohol reinforcement: beverage choice, self-administration, and subjective ratings

et al. 2017

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Rationale Combining alcohol and caffeine is associated with increased alcohol consumption, but no prospective experimental studies have examined whether added caffeine increases alcohol consumption. Objectives This study examined how caffeine alters alcohol self-administration and subjective reinforcing effects in healthy adults. Methods Thirty-one participants completed six double-blind alcohol self-administration sessions: three sessions with alcohol only (e.g., Beverage A) and three sessions with alcohol and caffeine (e.g., Beverage B). Participants chose which beverage to consume on a subsequent session (e.g., Beverage A or B). Effects of caffeine on overall beverage choice, number of self-administered drinks, subjective ratings (e.g., Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale), and psychomotor performance were examined. Results A majority of participants (65%) chose to drink the alcohol beverage containing caffeine on their final self-administration session. Caffeine did not increase the number of self-administered drinks. Caffeine significantly increased stimulant effects, decreased sedative effects, and attenuated decreases in psychomotor performance attributable to alcohol. Relative to nonchoosers, caffeine choosers reported overall lower stimulant ratings, and reported greater drinking behavior prior to the study. Conclusions Although caffeine did not increase the number of self-administered drinks, most participants chose the alcohol beverage containing caffeine. Given the differences in subjective ratings and pre-existing differences in self-reported alcohol consumption for caffeine choosers and nonchoosers, these data suggest decreased stimulant effects of alcohol and heavier self-reported drinking may predict subsequent choice of combined caffeine and alcohol beverages. These predictors may identify individuals who would benefit from efforts to reduce risk behaviors associated with combining alcohol and caffeine.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of caffeine on alcohol reinforcement: beverage choice, self-administration, and subjective ratings

et al. 2017

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“…Marczinski, Fillmore, Stamates, and Maloney () conducted a six‐way crossover study in 26 healthy young subjects examining the desire to drink more alcohol after administering alcohol (1.21 ml/kg vodka) or placebo, mixed with different dosages of energy drink (3.63 or 6.05 ml/kg, i.e., one or two 80‐ml cans of Red Bull for a 70‐kg person) or placebo, alone or in combination. Twenty minutes after drinking, the desire to drink more alcohol after receiving a low or high AMED dose was significantly higher when compared to the AO condition ( p = .032).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta‐analysis

Verster

Benson

Johnson

et al. 2018

Human Psychopharmacology

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The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to critically review the (1) prevalence of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) consumption, (2) motives for AMED consumption, (3) correlates of AMED consumption, and (4) whether AMED consumption has an impact on (a) alcohol consumption, (b) subjective intoxication, and (c) risk‐taking behavior.Overall a minority of the population consumes AMED, typically infrequently. Motives for AMED consumption are predominantly hedonistic and social. Meta‐analyses revealed that AMED consumers drink significantly more alcohol than alcohol‐only (AO) consumers. Within‐subject comparisons restricted to AMED consumers revealed that alcohol consumption does not significantly differ between typical AMED and AO occasions. On past month heaviest drinking occasions, AMED users consume significantly less alcohol on AMED occasions when compared to AO occasions. AMED consumers experience significantly fewer negative consequences and risk‐taking behavior on AMED occasions compared with AO occasions. Meta‐analyses of subjective intoxication studies suggest that AMED consumption does not differentially affect subjective intoxication when compared to AO consumption. In conclusion, when compared to AO consumption, mixing alcohol with energy drink does not affect subjective intoxication and seems unlikely to increase total alcohol consumption, associated risk‐taking behavior, nor other negative alcohol‐related consequences. Further research may be necessary to fully reveal the effects of AMED.

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“…In this laboratory study, participants consumed the AmED dose approximately 16 minutes faster than the alcohol alone dose. Given that AmED beverages result in greater duration of alcohol priming (i.e., enhanced desire to drink alcohol) than alcohol alone (Marczinski et al, 2013, in press), the faster consumption rate combined with the greater motivation to drink explains the higher rates of binge drinking in AmED consumers. Given that one of the indicators of problem drinking is drinking too much alcohol too fast (Leeman et al, 2010), use of AmED beverages may make it difficult for consumers to stay in a moderate drinking range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faster self-paced rate of drinking for alcohol mixed with energy drinks versus alcohol alone.

Marczinski¹,

Fillmore²,

Maloney³

et al. 2017

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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The consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has been associated with higher rates of binge drinking and impaired driving when compared to alcohol alone. However, it remains unclear why the risks of use of AmED are heightened compared to alcohol alone even when the doses of alcohol consumed are similar. Therefore, the purpose of this laboratory study was to investigate if the rate of self-paced beverage consumption was faster for a dose of AmED versus alcohol alone using a double-blind, within-subjects, placebo-controlled study design. Participants (n = 16) of equal gender who were social drinkers attended 4 separate test sessions that involved consumption of alcohol (1.97 ml/kg vodka) and energy drinks, alone and in combination. On each test day, the dose assigned was divided into 10 cups. Participants were informed that they would have a two hour period to consume the 10 drinks. After the self-paced drinking period, participants completed a cued go/no-go reaction time task and subjective ratings of stimulation and sedation. The results indicated that participants consumed the AmED dose significantly faster (by approximately 16 minutes) than the alcohol dose. For the performance task, participants’ mean reaction times were slower in the alcohol conditions and faster in the energy drink conditions. In conclusion, alcohol consumers should be made aware that rapid drinking might occur for AmED beverages thus heightening alcohol-related safety risks. The fast rate of drinking may be related to the generalized speeding of responses following energy drink consumption.

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Desire to Drink Alcohol is Enhanced with High Caffeine Energy Drink Mixers

Cited by 38 publications

References 56 publications

Effects of caffeine on alcohol reinforcement: beverage choice, self-administration, and subjective ratings

Effects of caffeine on alcohol reinforcement: beverage choice, self-administration, and subjective ratings

Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta‐analysis

Faster self-paced rate of drinking for alcohol mixed with energy drinks versus alcohol alone.

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