Designing Research on Bilingual Development

Schmid, Monika S.; Berends, Sanne; Bergmann, Christopher; Brouwer, Susanne; Meulman, Nienke; Seton, Bregtje; Sprenger, Simone; Stowe, Laurie A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11529-0

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…We confine us to the materials and methods of the current sub-project below. We refer the reader to [ 56 ] for an in-depth description and detailed discussion of the research design of the full project.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, we included two potential sources of variability between subjects and items: test location and word frequency. Effects of test location are a potential source of concern in a study for which data are collected at various locations [ 56 ], and should therefore always be investigated. Item variation is hardly ever dealt with in traditional analysis, but especially in L2 learners it is conceivable that word frequency may affect ERP responses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age Effects in L2 Grammar Processing as Revealed by ERPs and How (Not) to Study Them

et al. 2015

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In this study we investigate the effect of age of acquisition (AoA) on grammatical processing in second language learners as measured by event-related brain potentials (ERPs). We compare a traditional analysis involving the calculation of averages across a certain time window of the ERP waveform, analyzed with categorical groups (early vs. late), with a generalized additive modeling analysis, which allows us to take into account the full range of variability in both AoA and time. Sixty-six Slavic advanced learners of German listened to German sentences with correct and incorrect use of non-finite verbs and grammatical gender agreement. We show that the ERP signal depends on the AoA of the learner, as well as on the regularity of the structure under investigation. For gender agreement, a gradual change in processing strategies can be shown that varies by AoA, with younger learners showing a P600 and older learners showing a posterior negativity. For verb agreement, all learners show a P600 effect, irrespective of AoA. Based on their behavioral responses in an offline grammaticality judgment task, we argue that the late learners resort to computationally less efficient processing strategies when confronted with (lexically determined) syntactic constructions different from the L1. In addition, this study highlights the insights the explicit focus on the time course of the ERP signal in our analysis framework can offer compared to the traditional analysis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age Effects in L2 Grammar Processing as Revealed by ERPs and How (Not) to Study Them

et al. 2015

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“…Interestingly, although one might think that highly controlled, laboratory-based research would be more conducive to replication, studies with an online measure, such as self-paced reading or eye tracking, were rarely replicated in our sample (k = 6). This may reflect the relatively recent adoption of such techniques in mainstream L2 research (as found by Marsden et al, in press) but also the challenges posed by accessing and using expensive Schmid et al, 2015). Infrastructure for collection of data via the Internet, such as that proposed by MacWhinney (2017), would help to alleviate this problem.…”

Section: What Were the Designs And Contexts Of The Initial Studies?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication in Second Language Research: Narrative and Systematic Reviews and Recommendations for the Field

et al. 2018

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Despite its critical role for the development of the field, little is known about replication in second language (L2) research. To better understand replication practice, we first provide a narrative review of challenges related to replication, drawing on recent developments in psychology. This discussion frames and motivates a systematic review, building on syntheses of replication in psychology, education, and L2 research. We coded 67 self-labeled L2 replication studies found across 26 journals for 136 characteristics. We estimated a mean rate of 1 published replication study for every 400 articles, with a mean of 6.64 years between initial and replication studies and a mean of 117 citations of the initial study before a replication was published. Replication studies had an annual mean of 7.3 citations, much higher than averages in linguistics and education. Overlap in authorship between initial and replication studies and the availability of the initial materials both increased the likelihood of a replication supporting the initial findings. Our sample contained no direct (exact) replication attempts, and changes made to initial studies were numerous and wide ranging, which likely obscured, if not undermined, the interpretability of replication studies. To improve the amount and quality of L2 replication research, we propose 16 recommendations relating to rationale, nomenclature, design, infrastructure, and incentivization for collaboration and publication.

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“…This study was part of a larger study focusing on grammatical gender violations in a cross-sectional design comparing monolingual speakers, L2 learners and L1 attriters of various European languages (cf. Schmid et al, 2016, for a full outline). A robust and expected P600 effect was thus elicited in L1 speakers and L1 attriters; the same pattern was attested for some advanced L2 learners but they showed substantial variability as a function of how old they were when they first started acquiring the language (Meulman et al, 2015).…”

Section: Critical Research Outcomes and Current Empirical Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

Second Language Neurocognition and First Language Attrition

Keijzer,

Seton

2023

The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Neurolinguistics

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Designing Research on Bilingual Development

Abstract: Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com.

Cited by 6 publications

References 80 publications

Age Effects in L2 Grammar Processing as Revealed by ERPs and How (Not) to Study Them

Age Effects in L2 Grammar Processing as Revealed by ERPs and How (Not) to Study Them

Replication in Second Language Research: Narrative and Systematic Reviews and Recommendations for the Field

Second Language Neurocognition and First Language Attrition

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