Designing, processing and characterisation of titanium cylinders with graded porosity: An alternative to stress-shielding solutions

Development of new titanium implants with longitudinal gradient porosity by space-holder technique

“…is mostly higher for 800 MPa than 600 MPa; (iii) it can be observed that it was difficult to obtain these results in the case of high global NaCl content (*), which corresponds to a poor structural integrity. Figure 7 shows a diagram for the comparison of the Young's modulus versus total porosity, which includes results of this work and previous results of the authors: (i) conventional PM with homogeneous porosity [15] and graded porosity [18]; (ii) space-holder technique with homogeneous porosity [16] and graded porosity (current work).…”

“…It can be stated that there is a dearth of studies about alternatives to producing longitudinal graded porosity materials by space holder with the aim of developing new biomechanical systems for bone replacement, such as in the long bones, where the bone at the ends has the appearance of a sponge (cancellous or trabecular bone), while the middle of the bone shaft is rather dense (cortical bone). In previous works, the authors have produced samples of titanium with homogeneous porosity by both conventional PM and space holder techniques [15][16][17], and samples with longitudinal graded porosity by loose-sintering and conventional PM technique [18]. Within that context, the purpose of this work is to obtain porous Ti biomaterials with a longitudinal graded structure specifically designed for cortical bone.…”

First principles studies on structural, elastic and electronic properties of new Ti Mo Nb Zr alloys for biomedical applications

“…ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 In consequence, most recent research in the field have been focused on the design of biocompatible, low elastic Young's modulus Ti-alloys to subdue this long-term health problem caused by the release of the toxic ions from the alloys as well as the stress shielding effect [2,8,9]. Owing to this, soluble nontoxic, non-allergy metallic additives that tend to improve both strength and low Young's modulus of Ti alloys are particularly desired [7,10].…”

“…Zr is added to increase the strength, while Nb which is a β stabilizing element is expected to improve corrosion resistance, mechanical performance and increase hot workability also [18,19]. This therefore raises the possibility of developing biocompatible, low elastic modulus Ti alloys with high strength and low elastic modulus materials for bone implant applications [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

“…In order to account for structural symmetry in a material consisting of cubic and orthorhombic structures (See Section 3.1), the number of in the elastic tensor can be reduced from 36 to just 9 for an orthorhombic lattice and to 3 for a cubic lattice, due to , and there being strong symmetry in the two lattices [54]. A relationship A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 9 among these measures are given in several sources [55]. A cubic crystal is characterized by three constants, C11, C12 and C44 , while for orthorhombic crystals with lower symmetry possessed nine independent elastic constants: , , , , and .…”