Designing nanoformulation for the nose‐to‐brain delivery in Parkinson's disease: Advancements and barrier

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, which results in the loss of motor activity. In the management of PD, the primary aim is to increase the dopamine content in the brain either by delivering the precursors of dopamine or by inhibiting the molecules responsible for dopamine degradation. Due to the low bioavailability, a higher dosage of drugs needs to be administered repeatedly for achieving the desired therapeutic effect. This repeated high dose not only increases the severe side effects but also produces tolerance in the body. Often, direct administration of drugs fails to ameliorate the symptoms as the unmodified drugs cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).Nanotherapeutic is at the forefront of the alternative treatment against the central nervous system (CNS) disorders due to the ability to circumvents the BBB. Here, all the available treatments for PD have been discussed with their limitation. The current trends of nanotherapeutics for PD have been explored. Suitability and formulation prospects for nasal delivery have been analyzed in detail to explore new research scope. The most effective approach is the nose-to-brain delivery for targeting drugs directly to the brain. This delivery bypasses the BBB and concentrates more drugs at the target site.Thus, developments of nose-to-brain delivery of nanoformulations explicit the new scope to manage PD better.

Optimization of Delivery Process Based on Machine Learning Support Vector Regression SVR Algorithm

“…Therefore, it is necessary for the delivery platform to allocate enough deliverers to guarantee the delivery service during peak periods [12]. At the same time, the existence of daily periodicity will inevitably lead to excess distribution resources in some periods, and the delivery platform must pay fixed salaries to the deliverers, which will affect the efficiency of the delivery platform [13]. But in the package delivery platform, all part of distribution is acquired through the package to the society, crowdsourcing platform without having to bear the shipping agent's compensation and employee benefits such as cost, just in the peak day depends on the package delivery to ensure delivery and distribution services, in the spare time and don't have to pay more money for crowdsourcing distribution member, thus greatly reduce the operation cost of crowdsourcing platform [14].…”

Computational, In Vitro, and In Vivo Models for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery Studies

“…Different dosage forms can be easily self-administered intranasally without pain and the requirement of specific techniques [ 3 ]. Therefore, nose-to-brain delivery represents a great opportunity to deliver both conventional drugs and biotherapeutics for the treatment of CNS disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) [ 4 , 5 ] and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [ 6 ] while avoiding the use of invasive techniques to reach the brain.…”

Multi-Targeting Intranasal Nanoformulation as a Therapeutic for Alzheimer’s Disease

“…Recent advances in drug formulation design and development have allowed us to develop a nanoformulation to improve drug delivery into the brain [26][27][28][29][30]. Building upon the background above and our research achievements, we tested the effect of intranasal treatment with a new nanoformulation containing melatonin, insulin, and THC on ADrelated cognitive impairment and pathologic changes using an AD mouse model.…”