Designing hydrogel particles for controlled or targeted release of lipophilic bioactive agents in the gastrointestinal tract

Assadpour

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

et al. 2020

187

108

Nowadays, many consumers prefer foods with a high content of nutraceuticals that contribute to the prevention or healing of chronic diseases. Therefore, in recent years, more and more researchers have studied the bioefficiency, safety, and toxicity of nutraceutical-enriched foods. The key stage of nutraceutical bioefficiency is oral bioavailability, which involves the following processes: the release of nutraceuticals from food matrices or nanocarriers in gastrointestinal fluids, the solubilization of nutraceuticals and their interaction with other components of gastrointestinal fluids, the absorption of nutraceuticals by the epithelial layer, and the chemical and biochemical transformations into epithelial cells. These processes are endogenous factors that greatly influence the bioavailability of nutraceuticals. In addition to endogenous factors, the bioavailability of nutraceuticals is also affected by exogenous factors, such as: physicochemical properties of nutraceuticals, food matrix, food processing and storage, and so forth. Both the endogenous and exogenous factors are comprehensively analyzed in this review. Thus, the physicochemical and enzymatic processes involved in food digestion are described, highlighting the role of each stage of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, stomach, and intestine) in nutraceuticals bioaccessibility. The structure and functions of the mucus and epithelial layers, the mechanisms involved in the active and passive transport of nutraceuticals through the cell membrane, and phase I and phase II metabolism reactions are also discussed. Finally, this review focuses on several types of bioactive-loaded nanocarriers such as lipid-based, surfactant-based, and biopolymeric nanocarriers that improve the bioavailability of nutraceuticals. K E Y W O R D Sbioaccessibility, bioavailability, food matrix, gastrointestinal fate, nanocarriers, nutraceuticals 954

Section: Role Of the Nanocarriers In Improving Nutraceutical Bioavailmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of the Nanocarriers In Improving Nutraceutical Bioavailmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioavailability of nutraceuticals: Role of the food matrix, processing conditions, the gastrointestinal tract, and nanodelivery systems

Assadpour

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

et al. 2020

187

108

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

“…The functionality of colloidal particles can also be modulated by encapsulating them within larger structures (Zhang and others ; van Leusden and others ). Multiple emulsions are a common example of colloidal delivery systems that are produced using this approach (Khan and others ; Muschiolik ).…”

Section: Overview Of Colloidal Delivery Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delivery by Design (DbD): A Standardized Approach to the Development of Efficacious Nanoparticle‐ and Microparticle‐Based Delivery Systems

McClements

2017

Self Cite

The design and development of nanoparticle‐ and microparticle‐based delivery systems for the encapsulation, protection, and controlled release of active agents has grown considerably in the agrochemical, cosmetic, food, personal care, and pharmaceutical industries. These colloidal delivery systems can be utilized to overcome problems such as poor solubility, low activity, and chemical instability of active agents, as well as to create novel functional attributes such as controlled or targeted delivery. The purpose of this article is to develop a systematic approach, referred to as “delivery‐by‐design” (DbD), to make the design and fabrication process more efficient and effective. Initially, a brief review of some of the challenges associated with incorporating active agents into commercial products is given, and then an overview of different kinds of simple and complex colloidal delivery systems is given. The DbD approach is then presented as a series of stages: (1) definition of the molecular and physicochemical properties of the active agent; (2) definition of the required physicochemical, sensory, and functional attributes of the end‐product; (3) specification of the required attributes of the colloidal delivery system; (4) specification of particle properties and delivery system selection; (5) optimization of delivery system manufacturing process; (6) establishment and implementation of delivery system testing protocol; and (7) optimization of delivery system performance. Utilization of the DbD approach may lead to more rapid design of efficacious and economically viable colloidal delivery systems for commercial applications.

“…Embedding is typically achieved by mixing an oil-in-water emulsion with a solution of biopolymers, and then altering system conditions (such as composition or temperature) to promote aggregation or cross-linking of the biopolymer molecules [63][64][65][66]. The most commonly used biopolymers for this process are proteins and polysaccharides.…”

Section: Environment: Embedding Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Injection Methods: Injection methods involve injecting a mixture of oil droplets and biopolymer molecules into a solution that promotes biopolymer cross-linking and gelation [66]. The nature of the cross-linking method used depends on the type of biopolymer used: anionic alginate, pectin, or carrageenan can be cross-linked by cationic mineral ions (such as calcium); gelatin can be cross-linked by cooling to induce hydrogen bond formation between helical regions; whey proteins can be cross-linked by heating to promote protein unfolding and aggregation through hydrophobic bonds.…”

Section: Environment: Embedding Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extending Emulsion Functionality: Post-Homogenization Modification of Droplet Properties

Bai

McClements

2016

Processes

Abstract:Homogenizers are commonly used to produce oil-in-water emulsions that consist of emulsifier-coated oil droplets suspended within an aqueous phase. The functional attributes of emulsions are usually controlled by selecting appropriate ingredients (e.g., surfactants, co-surfactants, oils, solvents, and co-solvents) and processing conditions (e.g., homogenizer type and operating conditions). However, the functional attributes of emulsions can also be tailored after homogenization by manipulating their composition, structure, or physical state. The interfacial properties of lipid droplets can be altered using competitive adsorption or coating methods (such as electrostatic deposition). The physical state of oil droplets can be altered by selecting an oil phase that crystallizes after the emulsion has been formed. The composition of the disperse phase can be altered by mixing different kinds of oil droplets together to induce inter-droplet exchange of oil molecules. The local environment of oil droplets can be altered by embedding them within hydrogel beads. The aggregation state of oil droplets can be controlled by promoting flocculation. These post-homogenization methods can be used to alter functional attributes such as physical stability, rheology, optical properties, chemical degradation, retention/release properties, and/or gastrointestinal fate.