“…In recent years, the demand for efficient and high-performance communication systems has driven the development of advanced technologies in the field of microstrip passive devices. These devices, including couplers (Kim and Kong, 2010;Lai and Ma, 2013;Li, Qu and Xue, 2007), diplexers (Nouri, Yahya and Rezaei, 2020;Rezaei, Noori and Mohammadi, 2019;Bukuru, Song and Xue, 2015;Capstick, 1999), filters Feng, Zhang and Che, 2017;Rezaei, et al, 2022), and triplexers , play a crucial role in various applications such as energy harvesting and 5G networks. By leveraging the unique properties of microstrip technology, these passive devices offer compact size, low cost, and excellent performance characteristics (Rezaei, Yahya and Nouri, 2024;.…”