Support for explicit collaboration in information-seeking activities is increasingly recognized as a desideratum for search systems. Several tools have emerged recently that help groups of people with the same information-seeking goals to work together. Many issues for these collaborative information-seeking (CIS) environments remain understudied.The authors identified awareness as one of these issues in CIS, and they presented a user study that involved 42 pairs of participants, who worked in collaboration over 2 sessions with 3 instances of the authors' CIS system for exploratory search. They showed that while having awareness of personal actions and history is important for exploratory search tasks spanning multiple sessions, support for group awareness is even more significant for effective collaboration. In addition, they showed that support for such group awareness can be provided without compromising usability or introducing additional load on the users.
IntroductionInformation seeking is typically considered a solo activity, but there is evidence to suggest otherwise. For instance, Twidale and Nichols (1996) pointed out a problem: "The use of library resources is often stereotyped as a solitary activity, with hardly any mention in the substantial library science and information retrieval literature of the social aspects of information systems." They argued that introducing support for collaboration into information retrieval systems would help users to learn and use the systems more effectively. Similarly, based on their extensive study of patent office workers, Hansen and Järvelin (2005) also concluded that the assumption that information retrieval performance is purely individual should be reconsidered. Morris (2007) proposed that four features of exploratory search experience-coverage, confidence, exposure, and productivity-could be enhanced have focused on providing system-mediated collaborative support. Despite these encouraging efforts, there is a significant need to address a number of CIS-related issues by understanding and addressing the users' needs in a collaborative environment. Grudin (1994, p. 93) noted: "Many expensive failures in developing and marketing software that is designed to support groups are not due to technical problems. They result from not understanding the unique demands this class of software imposes on developers and users." One such demand or requirement for CIS systems is the support for awareness (Schmidt, 2002, p. 285). During our participatory design sessions, 1 we also discovered the importance of providing appropriate awareness functionality on a CIS interface. This led us to investigate the impact, cost, and implementation related issues of awareness support in user-centric CIS systems.To facilitate this investigation, we have developed a CIS system, Coagmento, 2 which provides support for communication and awareness of personal and group histories while working on CIS tasks. Using Coagmento, we conducted a user study that involved 42 pairs of participants, who wor...