Designing Advanced Vanadium‐Based Materials to Achieve Electrochemically Active Multielectron Reactions in Sodium/Potassium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Next‐generation sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) are considered to be promising alternatives to replace current lithium‐ion batteries due to the high abundance of sodium and potassium resources. New energetic vanadium‐based compounds that undergoes multielectron reactions and demonstrate good sodium/potassium storage capability, provide new solutions for high‐performance SIBs/PIBs in terms of high energy/power density and long‐time cyclability. So far, desirable rich redox centers (V2+‐V5+), consolidated frameworks, and the high theoretical capacities of vanadium‐based compounds have been widely explored for practical applications. Rational materials design utilizing vanadium multiredox centers and the fundamental understanding of their charge‐transfer processes and mechanisms are critical in the development of high‐performance battery systems. The scientific importance and basic design strategies for high performance V‐based anode/cathode materials, structure‐function properties and state‐of‐the‐art understanding of V‐based electrode materials are herein classified and highlighted alongside their design strategies. The important role of the valence electron layer of vanadium, and the scientific advances of vanadium partitions in other electrochemical behaviors are also summarized in detail. Finally, relevant strategies and perspectives discussed in this review provide practical guidance to explore the undiscovered potentials of multi‐electron reaction relationships of not only V‐based composites, but also other types of electrode materials.

Tunable Hollow Nanoreactors for In Situ Synthesis of GeP Electrodes towards High‐Performance Sodium Ion Batteries

“…Nanostructure design is ap owerful strategy to improve the electrochemical performance, [10] which could efficiently facilitate Na + diffusion kinetics, [11] relieve volume change and decrease structure distortion during cycling. [12] However, nanostructure design of GeP still encounters ab ottleneck because GeP experiences crystal growth, aggregation and phase transition during the phosphating process. [7,9,13] Limiting crystal growth and aggregation of GeP is the key to realize nanostructure design.…”

Influence of Pore Architecture and Chemical Structure on the Sodium Storage in Nitrogen‐Doped Hard Carbons

“…More importantly, not only sodium itself is much more abundant than lithium but also cathode materials for SIBs are available which are safer and more abundant than their lithium counterparts. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] However, lithium and sodium do not behave identically when it comes to intercalation, for example, into graphite. In short terms, lithium can form the chemical compound LiC 6 with graphite due to high covalent contributions to the LiC bond.…”

Commercialization‐Driven Electrodes Design for Lithium Batteries: Basic Guidance, Opportunities, and Perspectives

“…The current lithium-ion battery technology is approaching the theoretical energy density limitations (300 Wh kg −1 ) by using traditional graphite-based anode and intercalation-type cathode materials. Therefore, in order to meet the increasing requirements of ever-growing energy storage market for portable electronics, EV and HEVs, it is highly demanded on the development of practical LIBs with higher energy density [315][316][317] In this regard, our review presents the state-of-the-art developments on constructing commercialization-driven high mass loading electrodes for lithium batteries. First, the basic design principles and a series of issues, inducing electrode mechanical instability, sluggish charge diffusion, deteriorated performance, and safety concerns, are discussed.…”