Designing advanced intermetallic titanium aluminide alloys for additive manufacturing

Wimler, David; Lindemann, Janny; Reith, Marcel; Kirchner, Alexander; Allen, Melissa; Vargas, Wilfredo García; Franke, Martin; Klöden, Burghardt; Weißgärber, Thomas; Güther, Volker; Schloffer, Martin; Clemens, Helmut; Mayer, Svea

doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2021.107109

Cited by 56 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…It can be observed from the TiAl phase diagram (Figure 1) that the solidification of the TiAl alloy phases is strongly composition-dependent [11,32].…”

Section: Tial Intermetallic Alloy Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can be observed from the TiAl phase diagram (Figure 1) that the solidification of the TiAl alloy phases is strongly composition-dependent [11,32]. The solidification of the TiAl alloy can occur in a single-phase: TiAl 3 , γ(TiAl), or two phases: γ(TiAl) + α 2 (Ti 3 Al).…”

Section: Tial Intermetallic Alloy Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decline of interest in Materials 2021, 14, 4317 2 of 15 NiAl-based alloys was exacerbated by their extremely low plasticity. Although the work of Aoki and Izumi [10] and the collaborative research project of ORNL [4] seemed to resolve the low plasticity problem of NiAl-based alloys with the addition of boron, TiAl-based alloys seem to take the center stage and have attracted much more research interest and commercialization than NiAl and FeAl-based intermetallic alloys [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is the ordered structural characteristics that make intermetallic alloys a prime choice for high-temperature applications [12]. The main properties of intermetallic alloys can be summarized as follows: high melting points, high thermal conductivity, low densities, good strength, good structural stability particularly at high temperatures, good oxidation, good wear, and good corrosion resistance at high temperatures due to the continuous formation of an adherent alumina surface layer [1,3,5,8,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Additive Manufacturing of Ti-Based Intermetallic Alloys: A Review and Conceptualization of a Next-Generation Machine

Dzogbewu

Preez

2021

Materials

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TiAl-based intermetallic alloys have come to the fore as the preferred alloys for high-temperature applications. Conventional methods (casting, forging, sheet forming, extrusion, etc.) have been applied to produce TiAl intermetallic alloys. However, the inherent limitations of conventional methods do not permit the production of the TiAl alloys with intricate geometries. Additive manufacturing technologies such as electron beam melting (EBM) and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), were used to produce TiAl alloys with complex geometries. EBM technology can produce crack-free TiAl components but lacks geometrical accuracy. LPBF technology has great geometrical precision that could be used to produce TiAl alloys with tailored complex geometries, but cannot produce crack-free TiAl components. To satisfy the current industrial requirement of producing crack-free TiAl alloys with tailored geometries, the paper proposes a new heating model for the LPBF manufacturing process. The model could maintain even temperature between the solidified and subsequent layers, reducing temperature gradients (residual stress), which could eliminate crack formation. The new conceptualized model also opens a window for in situ heat treatment of the built samples to obtain the desired TiAl (γ-phase) and Ti3Al (α2-phase) intermetallic phases for high-temperature operations. In situ heat treatment would also improve the homogeneity of the microstructure of LPBF manufactured samples.

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“…It can be observed from the TiAl phase diagram (Figure 1) that the solidification of the TiAl alloy phases is strongly composition-dependent [11,32].…”

Section: Tial Intermetallic Alloy Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tial Intermetallic Alloy Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Additive Manufacturing of Ti-Based Intermetallic Alloys: A Review and Conceptualization of a Next-Generation Machine

Dzogbewu

Preez

2021

Materials

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“…Yue et al [7,37,38] investigated the process window, defects, microstructures, heat treatment as well as tensile properties at room and elevated temperatures of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy. Wimler et al [39] reported the development of novel process-adapted γ-TiAl based alloys, showing that it was possible to produce reliable high-performance TiAl components by the use of proper parameters in combination with subsequent heat treatments. Lee et al [40,41], Lin et al [42] and Biamino et al [43] investigated the microstructure, compressive deformation, tensile properties, creep resistance of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy in great detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and Direction-Based Characterization of Microstructures and Microhardness of TA15 Titanium Alloy Produced by Electron Beam Melting

et al. 2021

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The extracted position and characterization direction of specimens have an unignorable effect on the microstructural characteristics of materials produced by electron beam melting (EBM). This study focused on the effects of extracted position and characterization direction on the microstructure, defect distribution and Vickers hardness of TA15 titanium alloy fabricated by electron beam melting. Results show that the microstructure at the bottom end of TA15 specimens is coarser and hot cracks are visible at this end. Grain morphology in longitudinal direction is columnar while that in transversal direction is chessboard-like. The results of defect analysis show that gas pores are visible in transversal direction while lack of fusion exists in longitudinal direction. The average relative density of TA15 specimens in transversal direction is higher than that in longitudinal direction. The results of energy spectrum analysis show that there is evaporation of Al during the forming process, but no elements segregation and enrichment are observed. This study provides important insights on the microstructure analysis and defect evaluation of materials made by EBM technology.

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Exploring Structural Changes, Manufacturing, Joining, and Repair of Intermetallic γ‐TiAl‐Based Alloys: Recent Progress Enabled by In Situ Synchrotron X‐Ray Techniques

et al. 2021

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Intermetallic titanium aluminides based on the ordered γ-TiAl phase fulfil many of the key requirements of lightweight high-temperature applications. In addition to a high melting point, high specific Young's modulus and strength at elevated temperatures, excellent creep properties, and a satisfactory oxidation and burn resistance, especially their low density of roughly 4 g cm À3 makes them a material of choice for challenging structural applications such as found, e.g., in environmentally friendly combustion engine options. [1][2][3][4] Capable of withstanding extreme conditions, γ-TiAl-based alloys have already entered service as low-pressure turbine blades in jet engines, such as the GEnx engine by GE Aviation, [5] the Geared Turbofan (GTF) engine by Pratt and Whitney, [6] as well as the LEAP engine by CFM International, a joint company between Safran Aircraft Engines and GE. [7,8] In these applications, γ-TiAl-based turbine blades substitute some of the blades made of twice as heavy Ni-base superalloys in a temperature range up to 750 °C. The implementation of the advanced, lightweight material, which is also attended by an adaptation of the design, entails a substantial reduction in weight, fuel consumption, and CO 2 and NO x emissions. [9] Apart from the aircraft engine industry, γ-TiAl-based alloys have also found applications in the automotive industry, e.g., as engine valves in sports and racing cars or as turbocharger turbine wheels. [1,3,[10][11][12][13][14] The past few decades have witnessed great efforts to develop intermetallic γ-TiAl-based alloy systems that are suitable for service in these demanding areas while being economically competitive at the same time. To this end, various alloy compositions and processing routes have been studied intensively. [1,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Recent progress has been reviewed, e.g., in the works by Appel et al., Clemens et al., and Mayer et al. [1,3,9,22] Due to the complexity of the intermetallic alloy system, which encompasses a multitude of phases and phase transformations, [23] purposeful alloy design requires the use of manifold characterization methods. Diffraction and scattering techniques, in particular, offer access to the atomic structure of the material and provide insights into a variety of microstructural parameters. [24][25][26][27] High-energy X-rays, such as available at today's synchrotron radiation sources, and recent developments in hardware technology nowadays allow to conduct so-called in situ experiments. Experiments of this kind reveal-at a high temporal resolution-the relationship between selected external

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Designing advanced intermetallic titanium aluminide alloys for additive manufacturing

Cited by 56 publications

References 53 publications

Additive Manufacturing of Ti-Based Intermetallic Alloys: A Review and Conceptualization of a Next-Generation Machine

Additive Manufacturing of Ti-Based Intermetallic Alloys: A Review and Conceptualization of a Next-Generation Machine

Spatial and Direction-Based Characterization of Microstructures and Microhardness of TA15 Titanium Alloy Produced by Electron Beam Melting

Exploring Structural Changes, Manufacturing, Joining, and Repair of Intermetallic γ‐TiAl‐Based Alloys: Recent Progress Enabled by In Situ Synchrotron X‐Ray Techniques

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