Designing a tool allowing for a standardized assessment of resistance to drug diversion

Victorri-Vigneau, Caroline; Collin, C.; Messina-Gourlot, Catherine; Raffournier, Christel; Mallaret, Michel; Besse, Jérôme; Courne, Marie-Anne; Richard, Nathalie; Sébille, Véronique; Arnaúd, Philippe

doi:10.1517/17425247.2014.901307

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…; Victorri‐Vigneau et al . ). However, these methods have not followed the protocol of sensory analysis methods (Stone et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Surveys have revealed the rise of chemical submission, that is to say the criminal use of drugs. A few publications have reported visual assessment methods to test the impact of a drug placed in a drink (Olsen et al 2005;Victorri-Vigneau et al 2014). However, these methods have not followed the protocol of sensory analysis methods (Stone et al 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Drugs were selected as regards the known cases of chemical submission, referring to the formulation type (e.g., effervescent, tablets or solutions), their availability (type of prescription) and their use in pharmacotechnical studies (Victorri-Vigneau et al 2014). Given these specifications, the various laboratories holding the market authorization provided us with the selected drugs.…”

Section: Descriptive Sensory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…were evaluated. This resulted in the creation of a scale for rating the degree of efficiency against drug diversion (Victorri-Vigneau et al 2014). Since 1998, the formulation changes put in place to avoid drug diversion have focused essentially on the addition of a dye or setting agent, and therefore mainly using the visual sense.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Descriptive Analysis of A Complex Product Space: Drug–Beverage Mixtures

Pensé‐Lhéritier

Vallet

Aubert

et al. 2016

Journal of Sensory Studies

Self Cite

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Chemical submission is increasing by an occurring phenomenon that consists in administering psychoactive substances for criminal intent to an unaware victim. This diversion is usually achieved by adding a drug to the drink of the potential victim. This study aims essentially at providing a sensory method that would allow the detection of the sensory changes due to the drug. The complexity of this study stemmed from the large number of beverages and potential drugs that can be used for this ill-intentioned act. The alcoholic beverages and soft drinks studied here were selected as a result of an on-line survey, followed by a sorting task study, to which various drugs were added. A visual sensory profile was performed for all the different drug-beverage mixtures. The experienced sensory panel agreed on a lexicon of nine attributes that would allow the drug-beverage mixture to be characterized. A multivariate analysis was performed to study the effect of both the sample (drug-beverage pairs) and the panelists on the sensory profile. The pharmaceutical forms of the drug clearly impacted the following attributes: spotted surface, particles on the surface, suspended particles, cloudiness and sediment. The beverages also had an influence on the visual characteristics of the mixtures concerning opacity, color and effervescence. Practical ApplicationResults of this study showed that visual sensory modification of drinks depends on both the drug and the beverage which suggests that the formulation of a drug must be designed to impact different sensory attributes.From a practical standpoint, both the sensory method and the lexicon presented in this article may be useful for researchers when developing drugs as these can be named according to the specific sensory changes created when mixed in beverages.

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“…; Victorri‐Vigneau et al . ). However, these methods have not followed the protocol of sensory analysis methods (Stone et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Descriptive Sensory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Descriptive Analysis of A Complex Product Space: Drug–Beverage Mixtures

Pensé‐Lhéritier

Vallet

Aubert

et al. 2016

Journal of Sensory Studies

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…General practitioners, physicians, and pharmacists play a major role in this context. They could be helped by the development of medical conciliation at patient hospital admission or discharge and by new healthcare delivery processes or tools [17, 18]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazardous Drug Diversion of Valproate from a General Practitioner to his Patient’s Dog

Morice

Alexandre

Cesbron

et al. 2017

Drug Saf - Case Rep

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General practitioners are key stakeholders in good prescribing practices. More than half of patients have at least one unintended medication discrepancy upon hospital admission, some of which have the potential to cause severe discomfort or clinical deterioration. We report a case of a drug mistakenly administered to a 66-year-old man with cirrhosis and chronic alcoholism. Based on his regular prescription, he received 1 g/day of valproate during a hospitalization for cardiac valve surgery. This anticonvulsant was initially prescribed by his general practitioner for his epileptic dog and has been added to his own prescription to be covered by the French national health insurance. The aim of this article is to emphasize that general practitioners, physicians, and pharmacists have a major role to play in preventing the diversion of prescription drugs and limiting the risk of adverse drug events.

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Parachuting: a dangerous trend in recreational psychoactive substance delivery

Boels

Grall‐Bronnec

Guerlais

et al. 2016

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

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Medicine diversion for recreational use is a constant concern for health authorities. Parachuting, also refered to as bombing, is used in order to increase the expected effect, to accelerate time-to-onset and to create mixtures of medicines and substances. Aeras covered: Firstly, we analyzed all available scientific literature (PRISMA) and internet forums without any limiting timeframe. Secondly, we collected cases of parachuting reported in the west of France by the addictovigilance and poison control centres. Our study confirms the reality of this emerging issue associated with a higher medical risk (60% of intoxication cases were moderate-to-severe in our study). The substances involved in parachuting were primarily stimulants, with a majority of MDMA, although the use of diverted medication and psychotropes is also of concern. Expert opinion: Parachuting is a dangerous way of using substances and of diverting medicines. This type of administration gives users a certain pharmacokinetic latitude to 'play' with respect to substances and medicines. Medicine abuse deterrent formulations do not seem to be sufficient in preventing diversions. This dangerous method of using substances and of diverting medicines should drive pharmaceutical companies to innovate in the interest of public health and safety.

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Designing a tool allowing for a standardized assessment of resistance to drug diversion

Cited by 3 publications

References 50 publications

Descriptive Analysis of A Complex Product Space: Drug–Beverage Mixtures

Descriptive Analysis of A Complex Product Space: Drug–Beverage Mixtures

Hazardous Drug Diversion of Valproate from a General Practitioner to his Patient’s Dog

Parachuting: a dangerous trend in recreational psychoactive substance delivery

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