“…Teachers engaged in virtual communities of practice have been observed collaborating genuinely with peers, establishing shared values, supporting individuals through resource allocation and scaffolding, engaging in joint problem-solving, participating in debates, and facilitating collegial learning (Andrade et al, 2022;Bolisani et al, 2020;Delgado et al, 2021;Ghamrawi, 2022;Kalir, 2022;Yuan et al, 2022). These roles undertaken by teachers in vCoPs appear to align with the roles commonly associated with teacher leaders in the existing literature (Ghamrawi, 2010(Ghamrawi, , 2011(Ghamrawi, , 2013aHarrison & Killion, 2007;Nguyen et al, 2020).…”