Designing a novel mRNA vaccine against Vibrio harveyi infection in fish: an immunoinformatics approach

Abstract

Vibrio harveyi belongs to the Vibrio genus that causes vibriosis in marine and aquatic fish species through double-stranded DNA virus replication. In humans, around 12 Vibrio species can cause gastroenteritis (gastrointestinal illness). A large amount of virus particles can be found in the cytoplasm of infected cells, which may cause death. Despite these devastating complications, there is still no cure or vaccine for the virus. As a result, we used an immunoinformatics approach to develop a multi-epitope vaccine against most pathogenic hemolysin gene of V. harveyi. The immunodominant T- and B-cell epitopes were identified using the hemolysin protein. We developed a vaccine employing three possible epitopes: cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, helper T-lymphocytes, and linear B-lymphocyte epitopes, after thorough testing. The vaccine was developed to be antigenic, immunogenic, and non-allergenic, as well as having a better solubility. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed significant structural stiffness and binding stability. In addition, the immunological simulation generated by computer revealed that the vaccination might elicit immune reactions in the actual life after injection. Finally, using Escherichia coli K12 as a model, codon optimization yielded ideal GC content and a higher codon adaptation index value, which was then included in the cloning vector pET2+ (a). Altogether, our experiment implies that the proposed peptide vaccine might be a good option for vibriosis prophylaxis.

Application of reverse vaccinology to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against a new strain of Aeromonas veronii

“…Aquaculture throughout the world is currently vulnerable to infectious diseases caused by Aeromonas veronii [81,82], which influences us to use an immunoinformatics method to build this epitope-based vaccine. The vaccination based on the virulent proteins displayed outstanding relevance as predicted by immunoinformatics in previous studies [33,34,49], proving our effort to be reliable. A vaccine protects against infectious illnesses safely and effectively [83].…”

“…The calculated average RMSD and RMSF value was 4.88 Å and 4.0 Å, respectively. The fluctuation was not observed to be larger in the vaccine section, but it smoothed out after 5 ns, suggesting that the modeled vaccine and receptor are stable [ 33 , 34 ].…”

“…The calculated average RMSD and RMSF value was 4.88 Å and 4.0 Å, respectively. The fluctuation was not observed to be larger in the vaccine section, but it smoothed out after 5 ns, suggesting that the modeled vaccine and receptor are stable [33,34]. Lastly, we examined the optimal target clearance and cell density parameters for the best immunologic response against the pathogen by constructing an immune simulation [92].…”

“…Previously, the in silico technique in fish had not been developed due to a lack of understanding of the differences between major histocompatibility complexes (MHC class I and II) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) [26], but recent research on fish species has generated data to enable in silico techniques [26][27][28][29]. Already an in silico technique was effective in predicting epitopes and multi-epitopes with significant responsiveness against Edwardsiella tarda, Flavobacterium columnarie, Vibrio harveyi, marine birnavirus, and Streptococcus agalactiae, harmful pathogens in fish, separately [30][31][32][33][34].…”

Use of Integrated Core Proteomics, Immuno-Informatics, and In Silico Approaches to Design a Multiepitope Vaccine against Zoonotic Pathogen Edwardsiella tarda

“…Moreover, the MHC-II DAA and DAB allele has already been observed in Rainbow trout. In addition, the immunoinformatic approach was proved effective for epitope (T-cell and B-cell) prediction in fish (essential to develop vaccine subunit) and showed strong reactivity in the presence of Vibrio harveyi, Streptococcus agalactiae, marine birna virus, and Flavobacterium columnari separately [25][26][27][28][29]. The advantage of the sub-unit vaccine is the zero risk of host or nontarget species pathogenicity because this type of vaccine cannot multiply [30].…”