Ionic flux in defined cell populations mediates essential physiological and behavioral functions. Cell type-specific activators of diverse ionic conductances are needed for probing these relationships. We combined chemistry and protein engineering to enable systematic creation of a toolbox of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) with orthogonal pharmacologic selectivity and divergent functional properties. The LGICs and their small molecule effectors can activate a range of ionic conductances in genetically-specified cell types.LGICs constructed for neuronal perturbation can be used to selectively manipulate neuron activity in mammalian brains in vivo.The diversity of ion channel tools accessible from this approach will be useful for examining the relationship between neuronal activity and animal behavior, as well as for cell biological and physiological applications requiring chemical control of ion conductance.Ion channels are complex molecular machines with critical cell biological functions. Ligandgated ion channels (LGICs) provide rapid, remote control over conductances for different ions. In neurons, LGICs can be exploited for stimulation or silencing to examine causal relationships between electrical activity and animal behavior.
Several neuron manipulation tools have been derived fromLGICs and G-protein coupled receptors (1-4) that can be genetically targeted and are reported to be orthogonal to endogenous systems. These tools are useful (5-7) but also face limitations such as ligand instability and lack of brain access (2), slow pharmacokinetics (6), the need to knockout endogenous alleles (3), or reliance on complex intracellular signaling pathways (4). Optogenetic tools (8-10) activate conductances with millisecond precision, but optimization of ion conductance properties has been limited and light targeting is invasive.To overcome these limitations, we have developed a strategy to create chimeric LGICs with distinct conductance properties derived from modular combinations of pharmacologicallyselective ligand binding domains (LBDs) and functionally diverse ion pore domains (IPDs). Within the Cys-loop receptor superfamily, the LBD of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) behaves as an independent actuator module that can be transplanted onto the IPDs of other Cys-loop receptors (11,12). These include at least 43 ion channel subunits in vertebrates (13), and many additional invertebrate (14) and prokaryotic (15) subunits. Distinct IPDs confer selectivity for chloride or calcium as well as nonspecific cations. For example, splicing the α7 nAChR LBD to the IPDs of the serotonin receptor 3a or the glycine receptor produces chimeric channels (α7-5HT3 or α7-GlyR) with α7 nAChR pharmacology and cation or chloride conductance properties, respectively (11,12). This modular property is a strong foundation for tailoring functional characteristics. However, the † To whom correspondence should be addressed. sternsons@janelia.hhmi.org (S.M.S.),
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