Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Novel Bis-Uracil Chitosan Hydrogels Modified with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Boosting Their Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract

A new series of hydrogels was successfully prepared by incorporating various substituted bisuracil (R-BU) linkages between chitosan Schiff’s base chains (R-BU-CsSB) and between chitosan chains (R-BU-Cs). After protection of the amino groups of chitosan by benzaldehyde, yielding chitosan Schiff’s base (CsSB), the reaction with epichlorohydrin was confined on the -OH on C6 to produce epoxy chitosan Schiff’s base (ECsSB), which was reacted with R-BU to form R-BU-CsSB hydrogels, and finally, the bioactive amino groups of chitosan were restored to obtain R-BU-Cs hydrogels. Further, some R-BU-Cs-based ZnO nanoparticle (R-BU-Cs/ZnONPs) composites were also prepared. Appropriate techniques such as elemental analysis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX were used to verify their structures. Their inhibition potency against all the tested microbes were arranged as: ZnONPs bio-composites > R-BU-Cs hydrogels > R-BU-CsSB hydrogels > Cs. Their inhibition performance against Gram-positive bacteria was better than Gram-negative ones. Their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values decreased as a function of the negative resonance effect of the substituents in the aryl ring of R-BU linkages in the hydrogels. Compared with Vancomycin, the ZnONPs bio-composites showed superior inhibitory effects against most of the tested Gram-negative bacteria, all inspected Gram-positive ones, and all investigated fungi.

A Data Mining Study of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures Utilization in Drug Delivery Nanosystems

“…Notably, it accentuates antibacterial properties and structural evaluation via techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). [96][97][98][99][100][101] The prominence of these terms (412, 489, 564, 589, and 881) underscores the employment of characterization methodologies, underscoring the vital need to unravel the material attributes and antibacterial potential of ZnO NPs for drug delivery -the mean publication years for this cluster span from 2017.7 to 2018.9.…”

Preparation and Characterization of a New Bis-Uracil Chitosan-Based Hydrogel as Efficient Adsorbent for Removal of Anionic Congo Red Dye

“…It has drawn much attention due to its distinctive properties and biological activities. It has exceptional features like renewability, bio-degradability, bio-compatibility, non-toxicity, antimicrobial activity, and anionic dyes adsorption [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. The disadvantages of Cs include its high solubility in acidic media, as well as its low heat resistance and restricted porosity, resulting in a significant obstacle for many of its uses.…”

A novelO‐carboxymethyl chitosan‐based hydrogel of an outstanding adsorption performance for removal of cationic Basic Red 12 dye from its aqueous solution

“…So, it is important to remove these pollutants from wastewater. [1][2][3] There are a number of techniques used to get rid of dyes from their aqueous media, and they differ between biological, physical and chemical methods, the most famous of which are the coagulation and flocculation processes [4][5][6] the electrocoagulation and electroflotation processes, 7 the two types of separation processes; ion exchange and membrane technologies, 8,9 the photocatalytic degradation, [10][11][12] the ozonation treatment system, 13 and the adsorption processes. [14][15][16][17] Recently, much attention has been paid to the removal of contaminants through the adsorption process, using environmentally friendly biopolymers, particularly chitosan, because of their low price, abundancy, nontoxicity, high adsorption capacity, antimicrobial activity, and remarkable removal of a wide range of dyes.…”

“…[14][15][16][17] Recently, much attention has been paid to the removal of contaminants through the adsorption process, using environmentally friendly biopolymers, particularly chitosan, because of their low price, abundancy, nontoxicity, high adsorption capacity, antimicrobial activity, and remarkable removal of a wide range of dyes. [18][19][20][21][22][23] Among these biopolymers is the O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CM-chitosan) which has fascinating chemical and physical properties that helped it to be one of the best adsorbents for dyes. 24 O-CM-chitosan is one of the most important chitosan derivatives.…”

“…The dangerous effect of the textile dyes and heavy metal ions comes from their stability and nonbiodegradability. So, it is important to remove these pollutants from wastewater 1–3 …”