Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel indolinedione–coumarin hybrids as xanthine oxidase inhibitors

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of isatin‐indole‐3‐carboxaldehyde hybrids as a new class of xanthine oxidase inhibitors

“…The IC 50 values generated an exclusive relationship between the activity and electronic environment on the fifth position of the isatin nucleus as well as for the distance between triazole and isatin moieties. Hybrids with methoxy (OCH 3 ) substitution at isatin were most active with IC 50 values of 0.37 (A19), Febuxostat [37] 0.03 Allopurinol [37] 8.69 a Not calculated.…”

“…[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Recently triazole-linked isatin-coumarin-based hybrid molecules (6) have been reported by our research group as potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors. [37] Continuing the pace, we have rationally designed a new class of hybrid molecules based on the interactions of the febuxostat skeleton within its binding site. Isatin, triazole, and indole-3carboxaldehyde are rationally arranged in the skeleton to mimic and improve the interactions within the febuxostat binding site.…”

Synthetic and natural coumarins as potent anticonvulsant agents: A review with structure–activity relationship

“…14 Coumarin-based compounds have attracted much attention by organic/medicinal chemists and drug design scientists as a consequence of their diverse pharmacological and biological properties such as antimicrobial, [15][16][17] anticancer, [18][19][20] anti-inflammatory, 21 antidepressant, 22 antioxidant, 23 antituberculosis, 24,25 anti-Alzheimer, 26,27 antinociceptive, 28 anti-edematogenic, 28 antileishmanial, 29 antiviral, 30,31 analgesic, 32 anti-pyretic, 32,33 antimalarial, 34,35 antithrombotic, 36 antitumor, [37][38][39] antiretroviral, 40 anti-coagulation, 41 antiasthmatic, 42 anti-influenza 43 and antihyperlipidemic. 44 Moreover, some of the coumarin derivatives have been demonstrated to be potent selective human carbonic anhydrase (CA), 45 Mcl-1, 46 SARS-CoV-2, 47 MAO-B, 48 inhibition of xanthine oxidase, 49 inhibition of lipoxygenase, 50 topoisomerase IV 51 and, also DNA gyrase inhibitor. 52 Also, coumarin were widely used as additives in food, agrochemicals, perfumes, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, 53 and also used in the preparations of insecticides, optical brightening agents, dispersed fluorescent and tunable laser dye.…”

Synthesis of 4‐Hydroxycoumarin‐Based Triazoles/Oxadiazoles as Novel Anticancer Agents

“…[5][6][7] Coumarins are bioactive compounds with the natural and synthetic origin, having appropriate molecular weight, simple synthetic accessibility and excellent bioavailability. [8] The coumarin core was found to be a versatile scaffold with extensive pharmaceutical and biological potential including antinociceptive, [9] anti-inflammatory, [10] antibacterial, [11] antiviral, [12] inhibition of cyclooxygenases, [13] antioxidant, [14] antithrombotic, [15] inhibition of lipoxygenase, [16] inhibition of xanthine oxidase, [17] anti-Alzheimer's disease, [18] as well as anticancer effects. [19,20] To keep abreast of drug development, it has been identified that different classes of coumarin-based anticancer agents act via diverse mechanisms of action such as blocking the cell cycle, inducing cell apoptosis, modulating estrogen receptors, and inhibiting the DNA-associated enzymes.…”

“…Coumarins are bioactive compounds with the natural and synthetic origin, having appropriate molecular weight, simple synthetic accessibility and excellent bioavailability [8] . The coumarin core was found to be a versatile scaffold with extensive pharmaceutical and biological potential including antinociceptive, [9] anti‐inflammatory, [10] antibacterial, [11] antiviral, [12] inhibition of cyclooxygenases, [13] antioxidant, [14] antithrombotic, [15] inhibition of lipoxygenase, [16] inhibition of xanthine oxidase, [17] anti‐Alzheimer's disease, [18] as well as anticancer effects [19,20] …”