Design, Synthesis and Actual Applications of the Polymers Containing Acidic P–OH Fragments: Part 1. Polyphosphodiesters

Abstract

Among natural and synthetic polymers, main-chain phosphorus-containing polyacids (PCPAs) (polyphosphodiesters), stand in a unique position at the intersection of chemistry, physics, biology and medicine. The structural similarity of polyphosphodiesters PCPAs to natural nucleic and teichoic acids, their biocompatibility, mimicking to biomolecules providing the ‘stealth effect’, high bone mineral affinity of polyphosphodiesters resulting in biomineralization at physiological conditions, and adjustable hydrolytic stability of polyphosphodiesters are the basis for various biomedical, industrial and household applications of this type of polymers. In the present review, we discuss the synthesis, properties and actual applications of polyphosphodiesters.

Crystalline Micro-Sized Carbonated Apatites: Chemical Anisotropy of the Crystallite Surfaces, Biocompatibility, Osteoconductivity, and Osteoinductive Effect Enhanced by Poly(ethylene phosphoric acid)

“…Following up on the focus of previous studies and the results of subcutaneous implantation experiments in the present work, we considered it more promising to investigate the potential of pCAp as a BMS without and with the addition of PEPA. As mentioned in the introduction, PEPA has a high affinity toward CPCs, − , and its osteoinductivity was confirmed previously by in vitro experiments. , As applied to crystalline pCAp, the high binding strength of PEPA has been proven in our recent study …”

“…Among phosphorus-containing polyacids, poly­(ethylene phosphoric acid) (−OP­(O)­OCH 2 CH 2 −) n (PEPA) is attractive because of its biodegradability . In vitro studies of PEPA confirmed its low cytotoxicity, − high bone mineral affinity, ,− and ability to selectively inhibit human osteoclast functions . In vitro osteoinductivity of the Ca 2+ and Na + salts of PEPA was recently discovered by our group and by Iwasaki and co-workers, respectively, but in vivo osteoinductivity of PEPA in combination with CPCs remains unexplored.…”

“…In particular, the osteoinductivity of poly(vinylphosphonic acid) and phosphate-containing poly(acrylate)s has been proven in vivo . Among phosphorus-containing polyacids, poly(ethylene phosphoric acid) (−OP(O)OCH 2 CH 2 −) n (PEPA) is attractive because of its biodegradability . In vitro studies of PEPA confirmed its low cytotoxicity, − high bone mineral affinity, ,− and ability to selectively inhibit human osteoclast functions .…”

Dispersant and Protective Roles of Amphiphilic Poly(ethylene phosphate) Block Copolymers in Polyester/Bone Mineral Composites

“…Similar compatibilizers have been widely used in dentistry [ 68 , 69 ]; however, until recently, amphiphilic derivatives of phosphoric acid have not been studied as compatibilizers for BMS/polyester composites. Among phosphorus-containing polyacids, poly(phosphodiester)s seem to be promising in view of their BM affinity [ 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ] and osteoinductivity [ 69 , 75 , 76 , 77 ]. In a recent study [ 78 ], we demonstrated a positive impact of an amphiphilic copolymer containing PCL and poly(ethylene phosphoric acid) (PEPA) blocks on the morphology of PCL/HAp fibrous scaffolds, prepared with the electrospinning technique.…”