Design, reliability and construct validity of a Knowledge, Attitude and Practice questionnaire on personal use of antibiotics in Spain

Abstract

Numerous questionnaires are available on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) towards antibiotics' use by adults, but none of these questionnaires is fully validated. We undertook an exhaustive literature review to design a comprehensive KAP questionnaire concerning the personal use of antibiotics in Galicia, North Spain. The Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and modified Kappa statistic (K*), confirmed the content validity of the questions (0.78 ≤ I-CVI ≤ 1.00 and 0.78 ≤ K* ≤ 1.00). The S-CVI statistic showed the content validity of the scale (S-CVI/Ave: 0.95). Following face validity and pilot testing, the Test–Retest Reliability in a sample of 145 adults confirmed the reliability of the questions. We carried out Confirmatory Factor Analysis using cross loadings and modification indices to choose the most adequate model in data collected from 844 adults. We estimated the indicators of model fit and demonstrated that the selected model has a good to excellent fit, thus establishing the construct validity. The final version of the questionnaire was highly accepted by the general adult population as reflected by the response rate (95.85%) and the low percentage of unanswered questions (0.4–2.7%). Our fully validated questionnaire could prove useful for research as it permits generating high quality data and reducing measurement error.

A cross-sectional survey of knowledge, attitude, and practices toward dengue fever among health workers in a tertiary health institution in Sokoto state, Nigeria

“…This is in agreement with findings from other studies elsewhere. [ 45 47 ] On the other hand, some other studies observed varying practice levels from 49.6% to 57.3%. [ 36 38 40 ] The difference between our study and these other studies may not be unrelated to the fact that ours was among health workers while these others were from community-based studies.…”

Development and Validation of a Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Questionnaire on Antibiotic Use in Arabic and French Languages in Lebanon

“…The previously validated KAP questionnaire on antibiotic use by the general population [ 10 ], was translated forward and backward into Arabic and French by native multilingual researchers (see Supplementary Files S1 and S2 online ). The translated questionnaire was then fully validated in 2019 in Lebanon in a population of adults.…”

“…French is also the first teaching language in 70% of primary schools in Lebanon [ 15 ]. The English version of the questionnaire is published elsewhere [ 10 ].…”

“…The validation procedure of the original questionnaire in Spanish is described in detail elsewhere [ 10 ]. The questionnaire involves 17 knowledge and attitude statements that are answered using a 0–10 Likert scale.…”

“…We have recently reported on the development and validation of the first KAP questionnaire on the use of antibiotics by the general adult population in Spain [ 10 ]. Questionnaires that had been validated in a specific country require prior testing and adaptation before they may be used in another country with different language and culture [ 11 , 12 ].…”