Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications

Abstract

Biocompatible, attuned, and congruent stimuli-responsive polymers of synthetic and plants and animals-based origins are essential raw materials for constructing bio-matching scaffolds, devices, and vehicles for payload deliveries, tissue engineering, therapeutics, and diagnostic purposes, and also as fill-in materials at biosites for various biomimetic applications. The nanobiomaterials for nanobiotechnology, nanopharmaceuticals, and nanobioengineering requires to have fit-in intrinsic chemical, physical, physico-chemical, mechanical, biological, and chemo-biological characteristics. The developed nanomaterials are also required to be receptive and biomimicking in quality, and they must not be toxic at any stage of use or implantation, minimally or of zero order degradation together with aging and use-related degradation, and last a life-time. The biomaterial at the upgraded scale needs to possess intricate characteristics equivalent to the biological materials, and compatible to the biological-sites during transportation, delivery, and site-unloading, and use. Recent developments in nanobiomaterial substrate designs and structure, characteristics, design requirements, chemo-biological interface related bio-systems response-compatibility, biomaterial synchronized, contemporaneous, and evolving applications in health care, therapeutics, nanomedicine, bio-hazard prevention, toxicity and ways of toxicity-control are outlined. The structure-function relationship, scope and limitations, structural and functional classes, and diversified biological outreach are discussed.

Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Healthcare Monitoring

“…The chemical properties of 2D materials significantly influence their biomedical applications. Surface modification, protective coating, encapsulation, and functionalization with specific molecules enhance the biocompatibility and performance of 2D nanomaterials, increasing their suitability for biomedical applications. , For example, surface modification with biocompatible polymers such as poly­(ethylene glycol) (PEG) improves the stability of 2D nanomaterials and reduces their potential toxicity . Surface-modified GO samples, such as poly­(acrylic acid)-functionalized GO and PEG-functionalized GO, exhibit high biocompatibility owing to their low toxicity, reduced platelet depletion, and a minimal ability to influence the protein–corona composition and can be safely used in biomedical applications .…”

Preparation, In Vitro Characterization, and Evaluation of Polymeric pH-Responsive Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Release

“…Poorly soluble drugs often exhibit erratic absorption and variable bioavailability, making it challenging to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. Nanotechnology and other technologies have been employed to tackle this issue to enhance drug solubility. , One practical approach involves creating nanogels, nanosized structures formed by cross-linking hydrophilic polymers . These colloidal hydrogels possess unique properties such as shape, size, charge, softness, porosity, amphiphilicity, and degradation, which can be tailored by adjusting the chemical composition of polymers .…”

A comprehensive review on the biomedical frontiers of nanowire applications

“…Nanowires, a material with great potential for use in electronics, energy conversion, and biomedicine, have been thoroughly studied. Nevertheless, there are still knowledge deficiencies in comprehending the synthesis, scalability, and compatibility of these technologies with existing ones [ [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] ]. An important challenge is the need to create efficient and affordable methods for manufacturing high-quality nanowires with perfect control over their size, content, and doping characteristics [ [51] , [52] , [53] ].…”