Design of the Smart Grid Architecture According to Fractal Principles and the Basics of Corresponding Market Structure

Abstract

Nowadays, there is a dramatic upsurge in the use of renewable energy resources, ICT and digitalization that requires more than the straightforward refinements of an established power system structure. New solutions are required to perform dynamic optimizations in real time, closed loops and so on, taking into account the high requirements on data privacy and cyber security. The LINK-paradigm was designed to meet these requirements. It was developed on the basis of the bottom-up method that can lead to misinterpretations or wrong conclusions. This work mainly deals with the verification of the authenticity and correctness of LINK. Fractal analysis is used to identify the unique and independent elements of smart grids required for the design of an architectural paradigm. The signature of the fractal structure, the so-called fractal pattern, is founded and referred to as electrical appliances (ElA). The latter has proven to be the key component of the architectural LINK paradigm. The definition of the LINK paradigm is finally validated: It consists of unique and independent elements that avoid misinterpretation or the need for any changes in its definition. Additionally, the fractal analysis indicates two fractal anomalies in the existing power system structure, while the fractal dimension calculation insinuates the highest complexity in the fractal level of electrical devices. The LINK-based holistic architecture is given a finishing touch. A compact presentation of the control chain strategy is provided that should facilitate its practical implementation. The basis for the harmonization of the market structure with the grid link arrangements is established. The processes of demand response and conservation voltage reduction are presented under the new findings.

Holistic Architecture*

“…Additionally, the customer can store the renewable Power surplus on Heating and Cooling devices, Power-to-Heating and Cooling (P2H&C) or Power-to-Thermal (P2T). Based on these facts and the vertically integrated utility definition, prosumers might be perceived as virtual vertically integrated utilities [27], Fig. 2.21b.…”

Volt/var Chain Process*

“…where C Z,P , C I ,P , C P,P and C Z,Q , C I ,Q , C P,Q are the active and reactive powerrelated ZIP coefficients; P Dev , Q Dev and P Dev nom , Q Dev nom are the active and reactive power consumptions for the actual and nominal voltage, respectively; And U , U nom are the actual and nominal supplying voltage, respectively. However, considering the power system's fractal structure [34], the consuming devices themselves consist of several smaller elements, i.e., conductors, transformers, reactive power devices and active power appliances. Hence, they can be regarded as a grid part such as the Customer Plant (CP) or low voltage grid, but smaller in size.…”

Special Issue on Advanced Approaches, Business Models, and Novel Techniques for Management and Control of Smart Grids

“…In order to perform dynamic optimizations in real-time, new solutions are required to consider data privacy and cybersecurity. In reference [2], a paradigm has been designed to meet these requirements based on a bottom-up method to lead to misinterpretations or wrong conclusions. Fractal analysis is also employed to identify unique and independent elements of smart grids required for the design of an architectural paradigm.…”