Design of SCALES: a 2-5 micron coronagraphic integral field spectrograph for Keck Observatory

Skemer, Andrew; Stelter, R. Deno; Sallum, Stephanie; MacDonald, Nicholas; Kupke, Renate; Ratliff, Christopher; Banyal, Ravinder K.; Hasan, Amirul; Varshney, Hari Mohan; Surya, Arun; Prakaesh, Ajin; Sivarani, Thirupathi; Sethuram, Ramya; K.V., Govinda; Fitzgerald, Michael P.; Wang, Eric; Kassis, Marc; Absil, Olivier; Álvarez, Carlos; Batalha, Natasha E.; Boucher, Marc-André; Bourgenot, Cyril; Brandt, Timothy D.; Briesemeister, Zackery; Kleer, K. de; Pater, Imke de; Deich, Will; Divakar, Devika; Filion, Guillaume; Gauvin, Étienne; Gonzales, Michael; Greene, Thomas P.; Hinz, Philip; Jensen-Clem, Rebecca; Johnson, Christopher; Kain, Isabel; Kruglikov, Gabriel; Lach, Mackenzie; Landry, Jean-Thomas; Li, Jialin; Liu, Mengmeng; Lyke, James E.; Magnone, Kenneth; Marín, Eduardo; Martin, Emily C.; Martinez, Raquel A.; Mawet, Dimitri; Miles, Brittany; Sandford, Dale; Sheehan, Patrick; Sohn, Ji Man; Stone, Jordan

doi:10.1117/12.2630577

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…We set the top-level SCALES science objectives for Solar System objects in this context, focusing on Io volcanism and weather patterns on Uranus, Neptune, and Titan. These are: (1) to detect and monitor volcanoes on Io with sizes of ∼ 300 km and temperatures down to 300 K, and to constrain their temperatures to within ∼ 30 K, and (2) to map storms and methane features on Uranus, Neptune, and Titan with similar spatial resolution. Figure 16 shows an example simulated SCALES observation of Io volcanoes, assuming blackbody volcano spectra with a range of temperatures set by de Kleer et al (2016) (∼ 300 − 1200 K).…”

Section: Solar System Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The slicer combined with array of lenslets for exoplanet spectroscopy (SCALES): driving science cases and expected outcomes

Sallum,

Skemer,

Stelter

et al. 2023

Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets XI

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The Slicer Combined with Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy (SCALES) is a 2 μm to 5 μm, high-contrast Integral Field Spectrograph (IFS) currently being built for Keck Observatory. With both low (R ≲ 250) and medium (R approximately 3500 to 7000) spectral resolution IFS modes, SCALES will detect and characterize significantly colder exoplanets than those accessible with near-infrared (approximately 1 μm to 2 μm) high-contrast spectrographs. This will lead to new progress in exoplanet atmospheric studies, including detailed characterization of benchmark systems that will advance the state of the art of atmospheric modeling. SCALES’ unique modes, while designed specifically for direct exoplanet characterization, will enable a broader range of novel (exo)planetary observations as well as galactic and extragalactic studies. Here we present the science cases that drive the design of SCALES. We describe an end-to-end instrument simulator that we use to track requirements and show simulations of expected science yields for each driving science case. We conclude with a discussion of preparations for early science when the instrument sees first light in approximately 2025.

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Section: Solar System Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Slicer Combined with Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy (SCALES) 1 is a thermal-infrared, highcontrast integral field spectrograph (IFS) currently under construction for Keck Observatory. With a spectral range of 2 − 5 µm, SCALES will be the first facility-class, high-contrast IFS to operate at these wavelengths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The slicer combined with array of lenslets for exoplanet spectroscopy (SCALES): driving science cases and expected outcomes

Sallum,

Skemer,

Stelter

et al. 2023

Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets XI

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show abstract

“…A full description of the SCALES' science case and update on instrument development can be found in several references. 1,2 The optical design of SCALES must preserve the low wavefront error and excellent image quality provided by the Keck AO system while of course maximizing throughput. The imager will operate from 1.0 -5.3 µm with a selection of up to sixteen photometric and narrow bandpass filters, while the coronagraphically-fed integral field spectrograph will disperse in both low and medium spectral resolutions over a 2.0 -5.3 µm bandpass.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SCALES on Keck: optical design

Kupke

Stelter

Hasan

et al. 2022

Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX

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SCALES is a high-contrast, infrared coronagraphic imager and integral field spectrograph (IFS) to be deployed behind the W.M. Keck Observatory adaptive optics system. A reflective optical design allows diffraction-limited imaging over a large wavelength range (1.0 -5.0 µm). A microlens array-based IFS coupled with a lenslet reformatter ("slenslit") allow spectroscopy at both low (R = 35 -250) and moderate (R = 2000 -6500) spectral resolutions. The large wavelength range, diffraction-limited performance, high contrast coronagraphy and cryogenic operation present a unique optical design challenge. We present the full SCALES optical design, including performance modeling and analysis and manufacturing.

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“…Although the primary goal of the SCALES is to discover and characterize exoplanets, its research capabilities will extend to solar system objects, active galactic nuclei, protoplanetary discs, and star-forming regions. For recent updates on SCALES, reader can refer to a review paper (# 12184-18) by A. Skemer published in these proceedings [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of an IR imaging channel for the Keck Observatory SCALES instrument

Banyal

Hasan

Kupke

et al. 2022

Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation V

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A next-generation instrument named, Slicer Combined with Array of Lenslets for Exoplanet Spectroscopy (SCALES), is being planned for the W. M. Keck Observatory. SCALES will have an integral field spectrograph (IFS) and a diffraction-limited imaging channel to discover and spectrally characterize the directly imaged exoplanets. Operating at thermal infrared wavelengths (1-5 µm, and a goal of 0.6-5 µm), the imaging channel of the SCALES is designed to cover a 12 × 12 field of view with low distortions and high throughput. Apart from expanding the mid-infrared science cases and providing a potential upgrade/alternative for the NIRC2, the H2RG detector of the imaging channel can take high-resolution images of the pupil to aid the alignment process. Further, the imaging camera would also assist in small field acquisition for the IFS arm. In this work, we present the optomechanical design of the imager and evaluate its capabilities and performances.

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Design of SCALES: a 2-5 micron coronagraphic integral field spectrograph for Keck Observatory

Cited by 7 publications

References 31 publications

The slicer combined with array of lenslets for exoplanet spectroscopy (SCALES): driving science cases and expected outcomes

The slicer combined with array of lenslets for exoplanet spectroscopy (SCALES): driving science cases and expected outcomes

SCALES on Keck: optical design

Design of an IR imaging channel for the Keck Observatory SCALES instrument

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