Wind energy has mushroomed into a mature and booming global green business while generation costs have fallen dramatically. Modern wind turbine technologies have been improved significantly in their power rating, efficiency and reliability. Global wind energy capacity is up to 196.6 GW at the end of 2010. This Chapter covers • mathematical models for wind turbines such as wind turbine (WT) with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and WT with direct-drive permanent magnet generator (DDPMG);• small signal stability analysis and nonlinear control using power electronic back-to-back converters, which are very similar to those of UPFC and VSC HVDC;• dynamic equivalent modeling of wind farms;• and wind farm interconnection with power grid via VSC HVDC link.
IntroductionGlobally the energy shortage and climate change are the two most biggest challenges. To tackle these, great efforts have been taken to integrate more and more renewable energy generation into energy supply. Wind energy is a clean, renewable and relatively inexpensive source of renewable energy, which is considered as one of the most developed and cost-effective renewable energy technologies. Wind turbines can be situated either onshore or offshore. The world market for wind turbines saw rapid growth in the first half of the year 2010, with approximately 16 GW of new capacity added worldwide where China represents the largest market and added 7.8 GW within six months, with a total installation of almost 34 GW. The USA, still number one in total capacity with 36 GW, saw a major decrease in new installations and added only 1.2 GW, followed by India. The five major European countries have shown similar growth in wind energy development markets: Germany added 660 MW, France and the UK 500 MW, Italy 450 MW and Spain 400 MW. The total capacity of all wind turbines installed worldwide reached 175 GW in mid-2010, compared with 159 GW by the end of 2009.
Chapter 17 Power Electronic Control for Wind Generation SystemsWith the development of wind power generation, there is growing penetration of wind energy into power grids. Wind power generation system normally consists of wind turbine, generator and grid interface converters if applicable, among which the generator is one of the core components. In the development of wind power generation techniques, synchronous generator, induction generator and doubly fed induction generator have been employed to convert wind power to electrical power. Wind turbines usually rotate at a speed of 30-50 rev/min, and generators should rotate at a speed of 1000-1500 rev/min, so as to interface with power systems. Hence, a gearbox should be connected between a wind turbine and a generator and it requires regular maintenance, which also causes unpleasant noise, and increases the loss of wind power generation. In order to overcome these problems, the wind power generation with Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Generator without gearbox was developed. The permanent magnet generator driven directly by the wind turbine is a multi-pole and lo...