Design of Metals Sulfides with Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor Applications: A Review

Abstract

Supercapacitors are very exclusive among energy‐storage devices for the wearable and portable industry. Due to simplicity, abundance occurrence, good electrical conductivity, and rich redox states, metal sulfides have a significant impact in supercapacitor applications in the present decade. Sulfur is the anion, associated with metal cations, and provides substantial tunable electrochemical, electrical, physical, and chemical properties in metal sulfides. In addition, carbonaceous materials enhance the electrochemical characteristics of metal sulfides synergistically for supercapacitors. Fast and scalable synthesis and fabrication of the supercapacitor cell with low‐cost metal sulfides and heterostructures should be developed to achieve the potential applications of these hybrid glorious materials. Herein, the significant and critical discussion of metal sulfides synthesis and their hybrid with carbon electrode structures for supercapacitor applications is disclosed. The realistic synthesis of metal sulfides, basic charge storage phenomena to elaborate the electrode nature, electrochemical properties including a single electrode, and asymmetric and symmetric cells are demonstrated for comparative purposes. The market values and application of supercapacitors are also elaborated. Herein, a better understanding to fresh readers about metal sulfide hybrid electrode structures for supercapacitors is provided.

Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: Underexplored Materials for Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage

“…[1,2] This mechanism enables fast kinetics due to the increased surface area and short diffusion pathways. Pseudocapacitive electrode materials primarily include redox-active metal oxides, [11,12] metal sulfides, [13,14] metal hydroxides, [15,16] metal nitrides, [17,18] and conjugated polymers (CPs). [19,20] The lattermost offer potential benefits that include low-cost processing, molecular tunability, low toxicity, and mechanical flexibility.CPs are characterized by their extended π-conjugated molecular backbone, generally comprised of continuously connected sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms.…”

Carbon Quantum Dots for Energy Applications: A Review

“…103,104 For obvious reasons, using metal oxide/sulfide and CQDs to synthesise nanohybrid structures has been revealed as a promising method for fabricating effective and stable supercapacitors. [105][106][107] To achieve high power density and specific capacitance Arul et al synthesized CQD-MnO 2 nanostructures from a sustainable waste source by employing an environmentally friendly approach. 108 The structural investigation established that CQD-MnO 2 exhibited a higher surface area and improved electrical conductivity than pristine MnO 2 which reflected from the highly conductive CQDs.…”

“…Despite current efforts, further research is needed to develop novel porous, conducting, and wide-surface-area-based carbon materials with higher specific capacitance and longer cycle stability. CQDs have been used in energy-storage applications because of their shape- and size-tunable properties and high electrical conductivity. , For obvious reasons, using metal oxide/sulfide and CQDs to synthesize nanohybrid structures has been revealed as a promising method for fabricating effective and stable supercapacitors. − To achieve high power density and specific capacitance, Arul et al. synthesized CQD-MnO 2 nanostructures from a sustainable waste source by employing an environmentally friendly approach .…”

NiO/Ni Metal–Organic Framework Nanostructures for Asymmetric Supercapacitors

“…In comparison to other conventional energy storage devices, supercapacitors have numerous merits including high power density, short charge/discharge time, excellent cycling capability, and environmental friendliness. , In supercapacitors, the electrode material is an important factor determining the device performances . Carbon materials, conductive polymers, and transition metal (hydr)­oxides/sulfides have been exploited as electrode materials in supercapacitors. − In contrast to carbon and conductive polymers, transition metal compounds including metal oxides, sulfides, and hydroxides usually have higher specific capacities, − which are desirable supercapacitive materials. On the account of its cost-effectiveness, good electrical conductivity, and high theoretical specific capacitance, , NiO has been regarded as a prospective electrode material.…”