Design of Lanthanide Complex Probes for Highly Sensitive Time-Resolved Fluorometric Detection Methods and Its Application to Biochemical, Environmental and Clinical Analyses

Abstract

Lanthanide complexes have been used for fluorescent labels to the wide variety of analytical methods including high performance liquid chromatography, immunoassay, and fluorescent imaging with time-resolved fluorometric measurements. Introduction of a time-resolved fluorometric measurement has been permitted the easy distinction of a specific long-lived fluorescence signal from short-lived natural background fluorescence present in most biological samples, reaction wells and optical components. Recently, new fluorescent labels and new instruments have been reported for timeresolved fluorescence including high performance liquid chromatography as in environmental analysis as river water, clinical chemistry as allergen assay, and a biochemical analysis as in staining method of proteins on polyacrylamide gel. The time-resolved fluorometric detection methods using new fluorescent labels improved the detection sensitivity compared to those of previously-described methods. This paper reviews those developments of applications of lanthanide fluorescent labels for various purposes: time-resolved fluorometric high performance liquid chromatography, timeresolved fluorescent immunoassay, and protein staining in recent years.

Lanthanide luminescence for functional materials and bio-sciences

“…Since the mid-1970s, time-resolved capability of lanthanide luminescent bioprobes (LLBs) 12 and the availability of adequate bioconjugation protocols 10 allowed the development of highly sensitive immunoassays, 391,392 protein staining assays, 393 nucleic acid analyses, 55 or the determination of enzyme activities. 56 More recently, time-resolved microscopy 11,394 has also benefited from the intrinsic advantages of LLBs and cell-penetrating optical probes allow not only the visualisation of live cells 14 but also carrying out targeted analyses of key biochemical metabolites.…”

“…In the following we therefore restrict ourselves to highlighting only a few characteristics of these analyses, particularly those related to fundamental aspects of photophysics and to the latest development in time-resolved imaging; the reader is referred to the abundant reviews published recently on these subjects for further information. 55,56,104,392,393,395,396,[399][400][401][402]…”

Sensitised luminescence in lanthanide containing arrays and d–f hybrids

“…Systems containing lanthanide ions and sensitising chromophores have been widely applied to the development of ultra-sensitive bioassays and high throughput screens: these applications have been widely reviewed elsewhere. 5, [13][14][15] Sensitised luminescence also has considerable potential for use in imaging, both through the development of time-gated protocols for luminescence microscopy, 4-8 and through the use of lanthanide probes with conventional fluorescence microscopy. [16][17][18] Since lanthanides emission bands are very narrow, it is also possible to develop methods for multiplexed analysis 19 and parallel signal processing, 20 allowing several analytes to be probed simultaneously.…”

4f–4f Spectral Analysis and Solvent Effect for the Interaction of Pr(III) with l-Tryptophan Using Different Aquated Solvents in the Presence and Absence of Zn(II)

“…Lanthanide ions exhibit electronic transitions that are desirable in various applications such as luminescence [1][2][3], biosensors, bio-imaging [4][5][6][7]. Moreover, ionic radii of calcium and lanthanide ions are similar which can make lanthanide ions useful for assessing the co-ordination characters of calcium ion in biomolecules as lanthanide ions are used as probe [8].…”