Design of infrared electronic-toll-collection systems with LEDs with irregular radiation pattern

Shieh, Wern-Yarng; Wang, Ti-Ho; Lin, Hsien-Feng; Chang, Jie-Yuan; Lin, Che-Hung

doi:10.1109/icves.2011.5983759

Cited by 5 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In our previous works we have established a physical model to analyze the system performance of ETC systems [1]- [5]. Figure 1 shows a typical mounting configuration for ETC systems, wherein α is the RSU declining angle, β is the OBU upward-inclining angle, and h is the vertical mounting hight of the RSU relative to the horizontal plane of the OBU.…”

Section: Eletronic-toll-collection Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The systems utilizing such emitters are expected to have a suitable communication area and be able to withstand high signal attenuation [2]- [5]. Recently we performed several different designs with different system performance [5]. In those works we have mainly focused on the signal strength received by the system, in this paper we will investigate the system performance from another point of view-data transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The communication area of an infrared ETC system strongly depends on the configuration of the emitter, which is generally composed of several light emitting diodes (LEDs) [1]- [5]. To realize ETC systems with aforemrntioned sutable communication area there are two requirements for the radiation pattern of the component LEDs: (a) a suitable half-intensity angle and (b) the smoothness of the radiation pattern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A method to withstand high signal attenuation for infrared electronic-toll-collection systems—Equivalent strength of the received signal in the communication area

Shieh

Chen

Wang

2012

2012 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES 2012)

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High signal attenuation for the infrared signal of some windshields is a serious problem for infrared electronictoll-collection (ETC) systems. This leads to severe shrinkage of the communication area if the emitter has not been properly designed. An equal value of the received signal strength in the communication area has the advantage of keeping the communication range independent of a limited signal attenuation. This is manifested in this paper by investigating the bit error rate (BER) of the system related to the received signal strength. Systems with acceptable performance can be realized even with light emitting diods (LEDs) with irregular radiation pattern. The system performance provided by our earlier designs are more deeply explored in this paper in terms of bit error rate.Index Terms-bit error rate (BER), dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), electronic toll collection (ETC), infrared communication, intelligent transportation system (ITS).

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Section: Eletronic-toll-collection Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A method to withstand high signal attenuation for infrared electronic-toll-collection systems—Equivalent strength of the received signal in the communication area

Shieh

Chen

Wang

2012

2012 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES 2012)

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“…The radiation pattern of the infrared emitter can be properly designed by using appropriate LEDs and adjusting the mounting angle of each constituent LED [1,[15][16][17][18][19]. Because there is a large number of commercial LEDs with various half-intensity angles, it is not supposed to be difficult to tailor the radiation pattern of the infrared emitters.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of light‐emitting‐diode array for solving problems of irregular radiation pattern and signal attenuation for infrared electronic‐toll‐collection systems

Shieh

Hsu

Chen

et al. 2015

IET Intelligent Transport Systems

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Infrared light emitting diodes (LEDs) with a half-intensity angle Φ 1/2 ≃ 10°are suitable for electronic-toll-collection (ETC) applications. However, the radiation patterns of commonly available low-cost commercial infrared LEDs are irregular to some extent, which result in difficulties to construct an infrared ETC system with a proper communication area. Most low-cost infrared LEDs with a half-intensity angle Φ 1/2 ≃ 10°exhibit a common irregularity in their radiation pattern -a notch in the central radiant direction. The adverse influence bccause of such irregularities can be reduced by a proper design of an LED array in the emitter. High attenuation for the infrared signal of some windshields is also a serious problem for infrared ETC systems, which leads to severe shrinkage of the communication area if the emitter has not been properly designed. In this study, the authors present some successful designs with the aid of an optimisation algorithm to adjust the mounting angle of each constituent LED. In spite of the aforementioned irregularity, the proposed design still exhibits good performance in terms of the ability to withstand high signal attenuation and extended communication area in the vehicle-travelling direction.

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Vehicle Positioning and Trajectory Tracking by Infrared Signal-Direction Discrimination for Short-Range Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication Systems

Shieh

Hsu

Wang

2018

IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst.

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Design of infrared electronic-toll-collection systems with LEDs with irregular radiation pattern

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

A method to withstand high signal attenuation for infrared electronic-toll-collection systems—Equivalent strength of the received signal in the communication area

A method to withstand high signal attenuation for infrared electronic-toll-collection systems—Equivalent strength of the received signal in the communication area

Design of light‐emitting‐diode array for solving problems of irregular radiation pattern and signal attenuation for infrared electronic‐toll‐collection systems

Vehicle Positioning and Trajectory Tracking by Infrared Signal-Direction Discrimination for Short-Range Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication Systems

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Design of infrared electronic-toll-collection systems with LEDs with irregular radiation pattern

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

A method to withstand high signal attenuation for infrared electronic-toll-collection systems&#x2014;Equivalent strength of the received signal in the communication area

A method to withstand high signal attenuation for infrared electronic-toll-collection systems&#x2014;Equivalent strength of the received signal in the communication area

Design of light‐emitting‐diode array for solving problems of irregular radiation pattern and signal attenuation for infrared electronic‐toll‐collection systems

Vehicle Positioning and Trajectory Tracking by Infrared Signal-Direction Discrimination for Short-Range Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication Systems

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A method to withstand high signal attenuation for infrared electronic-toll-collection systems—Equivalent strength of the received signal in the communication area

A method to withstand high signal attenuation for infrared electronic-toll-collection systems—Equivalent strength of the received signal in the communication area