“…They were proposed by John Holland in the 70 s as an automatic way to provide a mechanism for parallel and adaptive search (for a solution to a problem), based on the principle of survival of the fittest (where fitness is defined by the survival of an individual i.e., a solution). A considerable amount of academic research has been published on the use of GAs and/or GA-based hybridizations in several application areas, such as array design [9,12,13], infrastructure engineering [15,58,59], civil engineering [25,30,33,64], mechanical engineering [31], aerospace engineering [5], structural engineering [60,61], urban transportation planning [29,72], image processing [11], machine learning [18,37,57], robotics [56], network design [46,55,68,71] mathematics [70], to mention a few.…”