“…PMSM is increasingly applied to electric vehicles, robots, and marine propulsion due to high power density, wide speed range, strong anti-interference capability, and high efficiency [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Considering the rotor structure, motor size, and security in industrial application, the installation of speed/position sensor is not recommended, and consequently, sensorless control methods of PMSM have emerged [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”